E 
fo 

.Bfe 


AND  PUBLIC  SERVICES 


HON.  JAMES  G.  ELAINE. 

THE  BRILLIANT  ORATOR  AND  SAGACIOUS  STATESMAN.  THE  BOSOM 
FRIEND  OF  THE  LAMENTED  GARFIELD,  AND  NOW  THE  CHOICE  OF 
THE  NATION  FOR  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES*  PREPARED 
WITH  GREAT  CARE  BY  HIS  FRIEND  AND  ASSOCIATE, 

H.  J.  RAMSDELL,  ESQ., 

For  over  twenty  years  a  prominent  Journalist  at  Washington. 
ALSO, 

The  Life  of  the  Courageous  Soldier,  Famous  Senator  and 
Nominee  for  the  Vice-  Presidency, 

GEN.  JOHN  A.  LOGAN, 

BY  BEN  PERLEY  BOORE, 

Author  of  Life  of  Napoleon,  Gen.  Burnside,  &c.,  for  thirty  years  a  popular 
Journalist  at  Washington,  and  twenty-two  years  an  Officer  of  the  U.S.  Congress. 


PROFUSELY    ILLUSTRATED. 


HUBBARD  BROTHERS,  PUBLISHERS: 

PHILADELPHIA,    NEW   YORK,    BOSTON,     CINCINNATI,    CHICAGO, 

ST.    LOUIS,    KANSAS   CITY  :   A.    L.    BANCROFT   &   CO., 

SAN  FRANCISCO,   CAL. 


Copyright,  According  to  Act  of  Congress, 

By  ALFRED  HAMILTON, 

1884. 


PREFACE. 


CAMPAIGN  Biographies  are  a  national  neces- 
sity. Why?  Curiosity  concerning  candidates 
prompts  many  persons  to  secure  and  read  them, 
but  there  is  a  broader  and  deeper  reason  for 
their  production  than  the  demand  of  mere  curi- 
osity. 

Our  Presidents  are  far  from  being  absolute 
monarchs.  The  humblest  citizen  has  no  need  to 
stand  in  personal  fear  of  our  Chief  Magistrate. 
He  is  a  citizen  among  his  fellow-citizens,  like  them 
amenable  to  the  laws  of  the  land.  And  yet  the 
Presidency  is  no  sinecure.  The  President  is  not 
a  figure  head  to  the  good  "Ship  of  State."  Nor 
is  he  the  commander.  He  is  rather  the  pilot. 
His  hand  is  on  the  helm.  He  directs  the  move- 
ments so  long  as  they  be  presumptively  right  and 
reasonably  safe ;  but  there  is  a  commander  in  the 
embodied  nation  whose  word  can  dismiss  the 
pilot,  and  whose  might  can  control  the  ship, 
whether  it  be  for  her  safety  or  her  loss.  The 
people  know  their  power.  They  make  and 

5 


6  PREFACE. 

unmake  Presidents.  But  they  do  both  these 
duties  with  reason  and  for  cause,  and  this  is 
why  the  thoughtful  people  will  read  about  the 
candidates,  for  whom  their  votes  are  asked. 
Here  rests,  therefore,  the  national  necessity  for 
Campaign  Biographies. 

And  this  Biography  of  the  Republican  candi- 
dates for  our  highest  national  offices  is  a  most 
worthy  one?  Long  before  the  nominating  Con- 
vention met,  careful  inquiry  was  entered  into  to 
discover  the  certainties,  the  probabilities,  and  the 
possibilities  of  the  approaching  contest.  The  cer- 
tainties were  few;  the  possibilities  were  unlimited. 
But  all  promising  lines  were  worked,  and,  at  no 
small  expense,  material  was  gathered  concerning 
every  probable  candidate.  In  none  of  these 
experimental  efforts  was  there  better  success  than 
in  the  case  of  those  on  whom  the  uncertain 
honors  fell  at  last. 

Forwarded  beyond  all  compeers  by  this  prelim- 
inary work,  and  vigorously  pushed,  night  and 
day,  by  competent  authors,  this  Biography  of  the 
Republican  nominees  is  believed  to  be  the  first 
in  the  field,  and  wholly  worthy  of  the  nation's 
patronage. 

THE  PUBLISHERS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE    NEW   STANDARD-BEARER. 

BY  the  decision  of  the  National  Republican 
Convention,  James  Gillespie  Blaine  becomes  the 
standard-bearer  of  that  party  for  the  Presidential 
contest  of  1884.  No  man  in  American  politics 
is  more  widely  known,  and  none  has  so  swayed 
the  popular  heart  for  years  back  as  he.  The 
widespread  desire  that  he  should  receive  the 
nomination  for  the  Presidency  has  twice  been 
deferred,  but  delay  seemed  only  to  intensify  the 
nation's  wish,  and  his  final  nomination  was  enthu- 
siastic and  decided.  And  now,  that  James  G. 
Blaine  is  the  Republican  nominee  for  the  Presi- 
dency, a  careful  survey  of  his  life  is  a  most 
appropriate  and  pleasant  duty. 

Great  men  generally  come  from  sturdy  ances- 
tors, and  so  did  the  hero  of  this  sketch.  His 
grandfather,  Ephraim  Blaine,  was  of  the  old  Revo- 
lutionary stock.  He  was  a  colonel  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary army,  and  became  the  commissary  gen- 
eral under  Washington.  In  the  dark  days  of  that 
terrible  conflict,  and  especially  in  those  memorable 
scenes  at  Valley  Forge,  Colonel  Blaine  was  the 
most  active  of  men,  and  to  his  grand  efforts  was 

33 


34  THE    NEW    STANDARD-BEARER. 

due  what  measures  of  comfort  the  soldiers  did 
secure.  Surrounded  by  poverty  and  desolation, 
the  sources  of  supply  almost  nothing,  this  noble 
man  struggled,  and,  under  the  circumstances,  suc- 
ceeded well  in  efforts  to  relieve  the  suffering 
troops.  That  was  stern  old  timber  which  stood 
such  stress  and  strain,  and  the  descendants  of  such 
men  may  naturally  be  great. 

The  parents  of  James  G.  Elaine  moved  to  the 
south-western  portion  of  Pennsylvania,  and  settled 
at  West  Brownsville,  Washington  county,  where 
our  hero  was  born.  The  old  church  where  he 
attended  service  still  stands  in  midst  of  a  rural 
burying-place,  where  the  remains  of  Mr.  Elaine's 
parents  now  lie.  Their  resting-place  is  neatly 
enclosed  and  marked  by  a  monument  which  their 
distinguished  son  erected  to  their  memory.  In 
this  borough  of  West  Brownsville,  James  was  born, 
on  January  3ist,  1830.  He  began  his  studies 
there,  but  for  a  time  made  his  home  in  Lancaster, 
Ohio,  in  the  family  of  the  Hon.  Thomas  Ewing, 
then  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Treasury.  It 
is  very  likely  that  in  this  atmosphere  the  studious 
lad  imbibed  many  of  the  notions  and  settled  many 
of  the  principles,  which  have  ever  since  distin- 
guished him  in  the  political  arena. 

When  prepared  for  college  he  was  entered  at 
Washington,  Pa.,  where  he  took  the  full  curriculum, 
and  was  especially  distinguished  in  mathematics 
and  studies  of  the  severer  sort.  He  graduated 


THE    NEW    STANDARD-BEARER.  35 

from  Washington  College  in  1847.  Of  a  studious 
habit,  and  with  most  excellent  attainments,  he  soon 
found  congenial  employment  as  a  professor  in  the 
Western  Military  Institute  at  Georgetown,  Ky. 
Here  he  remained  for  two  years,  enriching  his 
already  liberal  stores  of  knowledge  by  thorough 
work  and  extensive  reading.  In  addition  to  the 
duties  of  his  professional  chair  during  this  time, 
he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  law  with  so  good 
results  that  at  the  end  of  this  period  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  though  he  never  entered  into  active 
practice. 

Those  who  know  Mr.  Elaine  speak  often  of  his 
magnetic  power.  His  personal  magnetism  is 
really  wonderful.  This  power  is  the  subject  of 
many  sneers.  His  enemies  deride  the  men  who 
are  fond  of  him  by  calling  them  victims  of  this 
personal  magnetism.  Analyze  this  personal  mag- 
netism and  you  will  find  it  is  nothing  more  than 
the  fact  of  an  unassuming  intellectual  superiority, 
a  keen,  trenchant  common  sense  that  commands 
admiration.  Very  few  public  men  at  short  range 
fulfill  the  popular  idea.  They  are  apt  to  prove 
disappointing  through  the  exhibition  of  some  in- 
complete, undeveloped  side.  It  is  rare  enough 
that  a  public  man  of  prominence  is  a  pleasant 
companion. 

Mr.  Elaine  is  so  many-sided  as  to  be  classed  as 
a  man  of  genius.  He  is  an  orator,  a  polished 
writer,  a  student  of  history,  a  successful  financier, 


36  THE    NEW    STANDARD-BEARER. 

a  thorough  man  of  the  world,  a  complete  master 
of  the  art  of  pleasing-  in  a  social  way. 

As  a  conversationalist,  Mr.  Elaine  has  few  equals. 
He  has  a  keen  appreciation  of  fun,  and  can  tell  a 
story  with  a  wonderful  simplicity.  There  is  no 
dragging  prelude,  no  verbose  details  preceding  a 
stupid  finale.  The  story  is  presented  always 
dramatically,  and  fired  almost  as  if  from  a  gun 
when  the  point  is  reached.  His  ability  to  enter- 
tain a  private  circle  as  well  as  a  public  audience 
shows  that  he  has  great  powers  as  an  actor.  Yet 
even  in  his  private  talk  he  does  not  fall  into  the 
habits  of  the  average  public  man  of  making 
speeches  or  soliloquizing.  He  is  quite  willing  to 
listen  when  any  one  has  anything  to  say,  and  never 
appears  more  at  his  best  than  when  he  is  taking 
part  in  a  running  fire  of  bright,  sharp  talk. 

He  has  a  great  fund  of  personal  anecdotes, 
which  he  enjoys  in  the  most  apt  way  upon  nearly 
every  occasion.  He  tells  his  stories  as  if  he 
enjoyed  them  himself,  and  they  very  often  empha- 
size his  meaning  as  no  heavier  argument  could  do. 
In  his  manners,  Mr.  Elaine  is  essentially  a  democrat. 
He  never  yet  in  any  of  the  various  periods  of  his 
career  has  shown  any  pride  of  place.  He  is  sim- 
ple and  unaffected.  He  harbors  few,  if  any, 
resentments. 

He  does  not  believe  in  the  statesmanship  of 
revenge.  Upon  this  subject  he  said  one  day: 
"  Life  is  too  short  to  lie  in  wait  for  personal  retalia- 


CHAPTER  II. 

AS    A    LITERARY    WORKER. 

DURING  all  of  Mr.  Elaine's  early  life  he  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  journals  of  the  day.  In 
1853,  however,  he  removed  to  Augusta,  Me.,  to 
take  charge  of  the  Kennebec  Journal.  In  this 
relation  he  made  a  splendid  reputation  as  a  writer, 
and  as  a  man  competent  to  grasp,  with  a  master's 
hand,  all  the  complications  of  the  political  discus- 
sions of  the  times.  In  this  connection  he  became 
intimately  associated  with  the  leading  men  of  the 
land,  and  so  prepared  the  way  for  his  entry  into 
the  political  arena,  where  he  has  so  extensively 
and  effectively  figured. 

An  idea  of  Mr.  Elaine's  ability  is  given  by  Dr. 
Chapin,  President  of  the  Philadelphia  Institution 
for  the  Blind,  in  which  Mr.  Elaine  taught  for  two 
years.  He  says  :  "  He  discharged  his  duty  with 
a  conscientious  fidelity  worthy  the  highest  praise. 
A  strong,  positive  man,  having  an  opinion  which 
he  was  ready  to  support  and  argue  upon  all  oc- 
casions, Mr.  Elaine  made  as  many  friends  among 
his  pupils  as  he  did  among  the  officers  of  the 
establishment.  In  every  respect  he  proved  worthy 
of  the  trust  reposed  in  him.  He  was  a  methodi- 

67 


68  AS    A    LITERARY    WORKER. 

cal  man — a  master  of  statistics  and  exceedingly 
careful  in  his  deportment.  He  appeared  to  be  in 
love  with  his  work  here,  and  began  a  journal  of 
the  history  of  the  institution,  which  is  as  much  a 
model  of  neatness  as  it  is  of  careful  research. 

This  journal,  written  throughout  in  a  plain, 
somewhat  angular  hand,  is,  page  after  page, 
entirely  free  from  blots  or  erasures,  and  affords 
ample  evidence  that  the  author  was  thoroughly 
interested  in  his  work.  It  is  a  history  of  the 
Philadelphia  Institution  for  the  Instruction  of  the 
Blind,  written  throughout  in  the  hand-writing  of 
James  G.  Elaine,  and  is  complete  from  the  day  on 
which  the  institution  was  opened  until  the  day  on 
which  Mr.  Elaine  resigned  his  position.  Mr. 
Elaine  continued  in  this  place  for  nearly  two 
years,  winning  the  affection  of  those  he  taught, 
the  regard  of  his  fellows,  and  the  respect  of  his 
superiors. 

As  a  literary  worker,  since  his  withdrawal  from 
political  life,  he  has  been  somewhat  of  an  anomaly. 
He  has  worked  steadily  on  his  "Twenty  Years 
of  Congress,"  but  he  believes  that  the  writing  of 
fifteen  hundred  words  is  a  good  day's  work.  More 
than  this  he  has  not  averaged,  although  he  has  at 
times  spurted  up  to  the  limit  of  8000  words,  with 
the  aid  of  his  secretaries.  His  average  day's 
work  is  not  more  than  an  ordinary  newspaper 
column. 

When  Mr.  Elaine  was  first  retired  to  private 


AS    A    LITERARY   WORKER.  69 

life  he  thought  some  of  going  back  to  his  old  edi- 
torial work.  But  then  the  cost  of  a  metropolitan 
newspaper  and  the  doubtful  possibilities  connected 
with  it  made  him  hesitate.  He  thought  also  of  a 
political  weekly,  but  it  was  the  history  which 
finally  captured  his  mind.  With  the  modest 
investment  required  for  the  purchase  of  several 
quarts  of  ink,  numerous  reams  of  paper,  and  a 
box  of  pens,  and  the  labor  of  five  or  six  hours  a 
day  for  nearly  two  years,  Mr.  Elaine  will  realize  as 
liberal  a  reward  as  often  falls  to  the  lot  of  a  liter- 
ary man. 

Through  all  his  mature  years  Mr.  Elaine  has 
been  a  diligent  student  of  American  History. 
There  is  no  man  in  public  or  private  life  to-day 
who  is  so  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  growth  and 
progress  of  his  own  country  as  Mr.  Elaine.  His 
memory  is  a  marvelous  one.  He  retains,  without 
difficulty,  everything  that  he  reads,  and  rarely  errs 
in  his  historical  allusions.  It  is  a  matter  of  great 
pride  with  him  that  the  first  volume  of  his  history 
has  not  as  yet  had  any  of  its  facts  questioned. 
It  is  his  idea  that  a  man  who  writes  history  should 
have  no  other  object  than  the  honest  recital  of  the 
facts  connected  with  the  period  which  he  is  seek- 
ing to  describe.  Where  history  is  written  with  a 
certain  object  in  view,  the  history  itself  is  too  apt 
to  be  colored  to  be  of  value  to  the  impartial  stu- 
dent. Mr.  Elaine  thinks  that  the  one  fault  of  the 
brilliant  and  great  Macaulay's  History  of  England 


CHAPTER  III. 

IN    POLITICS. 

ON  the  formation  of  the  Republican  party,  Mr. 
Elaine  naturally  associated  himself  with  it.  He 
had  made  his  mark  as  a  vigorous  thinker  and 
writer,  and  soon  he  became  equally  famed  as  a  logi- 
cal and  impressive  speaker.  Not  only  could  he 
write  and  speak,  but  he  was  a  born  general.  He 
could  organize  and  control.  This  faculty  was  so 
apparent  that  in  1858  he  was  chosen  Chairman  of 
the  State  Committee  of  his  party.  In  this  import- 
ant position  he  proved  himself  a  master  indeed. 
In  the  many  years  that  he  filled  this  chairmanship 
the  Republicans  never  lost  the  State,  but  out  of 
Elaine's  hands  the  State  lost  her  good  record  and 
passed  her  power  for  the  time  to  the  other  party. 
The  hold  our  hero  gained  upon  the  Republicans 
of  Maine  during  those  years  has  never  been  lost. 
He  has  ever  since  been  their  leader,  their  "Plumed 
Knight,"  whom  they  delight  to  follow  and  in 
whose  exaltation  they  heartily  rejoice. 

In  1858  Mr.  Elaine  entered  the  State  Legisla- 
ture, an  able,  well-informed  man,  full  of  valuable 
information,  which  he  held  ready  for  momentary 
use.  He  retained  his  place  here  until  1862,  being 


86  IN    POLITICS. 

Speaker  of  the  House  for  two  years.  Meanwhile 
he  removed  to  Portland,  where  he  edited  the  Port- 
land Advertiser.  In  1862  Mr.  Elaine  was  sent  to 
Congress,  and  he  at  once  took  an  active  part  in 
the  most  momentous  affairs  there.  Steadily  he 
advanced  to  the  most  important  positions  on  the 
main  committees  of  the  House,  while  on  the  floor 
he  was  a  ready  and  fearless  debater.  Impulsive 
and  brilliant,  with  wonderful  memory  of  facts,  per- 
sons and  places,  he  became  the  Republican  leader 
of  the  House  on  the  death  of  Thaddeus  Stevens. 
On  all  important  questions  since  the  war  he  has 
taken  a  prominent  part.  In  1869  he  was  chosen 
Speaker  of  the  House,  in  which  place  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  thorough  parliamentary 
knowledge,  his  quickness,  firmness  and  general 
ability. 

Mr.  Elaine  held  this  position  until  1875,  when 
the  Democratic  party  gained  control  of  the  House. 
In  the  next  year,  as  General  Grant's  second  term 
drew  toward  its  close,  Mr.  Elaine  was  the  most 
prominent  candidate  of  the  party,  receiving  the 
largest  vote  on  six  consecutive  ballots,  but  on  the 
seventh  ballot,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  was  nominated 
and  Mr.  Elaine  congratulated  him  heartily  on  his 
success.  The  Governor  of  Maine  then  appointed 
Mr.  Elaine  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Mr.  Mor- 
ril,  who  had  been  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  by  Mr.  Hayes.  In  the  Senate,  Mr. 
Elaine  again  distinguished  himself,  though  the 


IN     POLITICS.  87 

floor  of  the  House  was,  in  many  respects,  a  more 
congenial  field  for  his  genius. 

In  the  campaign  of  1880,  Blaine  was  again  a 
candidate.  Gen.  Grant  and  ex-Secretary  Sherman 
also  had  a  strong  following.  Gen.  Grant's  friends 
rallied  under  the  name  of  "  Stalwarts,"  a  name 
Mr.  Blaine  himself  had  introduced  into  the  politi- 
cal vocabulary  for  another  purpose,  and  with  a 
pertinacity  worthy  of  a  better  cause,  they  fought 
the  people's  first  choice,  Blaine,  until  by  a  happy 
turn  to  James  A.  Garfield,  a  new  chord  was  struck 
and  a  hearty  nomination  was  secured. 

On  his  inauguration,  President  Garfield  at  once 
appointed  Blaine  Secretary  of  State,  and  an  able 
administration  was  the  result,  though  opposed  by 
some  of  the  strongest  politicians,  and  the  ablest 
papers.  Yet  the  administration  rose  in  favor,  and 
never  seemed  in  better  shape  than  on  that  fateful 
day  when  the  President  was  shot  down  at  the  side 
of  Secretary  Blaine,  on  whom  the  management  of 
national  affairs  devolved,  until  the  suffering  Chief 
Magistrate  died,  and  Vice  President  Arthur 
became  the  head  of  the  national  government. 
As  soon  as  possible  after  this,  Mr.  Blaine  with- 
drew from  the  Cabinet  and  retired  to  private  life 
at  his  home  in  Augusta,  Me. 

But  the  American  people  are  not  content  to 
allow  Mr.  Blaine  thus  to  remain.  His  call  into  the 
activities  of  politics  has  been  most  emphatic,  and 
the  hope  of  the  many  is  that  he  will  be  elevated 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE    ORATOR. 

THE  great  American  parliamentarian  estimates 
at  their  true  value  the  three  chief  requirements  of 
an  eloquent  speaker  demanded  by  the  Ocean- 
taught  Greek.  Action  in  Elaine's  speeches  plays 
a  leading  part.  He  rarely  stands  in  front  of  his 
desk.  Moving  out  into  the  aisle,  he  often  advances 
toward  his  opponent  with  upraised  menacing  fin- 
ger. This  bit  of  acting  gave  great  effect  to  por- 
tions of  his  master  effort,  especially  to  the  perora- 
tion of:  "  The  false  issues  raised  by  the  Democratic 
party."  He  first  summed  up  the  absurdity  of  the 
South  being  alarmed  at  the  existence  of  "sixty 
troops  to  every  million  of  people  "  among  them, 
and  spoke  thus  : 

"And  the  entire  South  has  1155  soldiers  to 
intimidate,  overrun,  oppress  and  destroy  the  liber- 
ties of  15,000,000  people  !  In  the  Southern  States 
there  are  1203  counties.  If  you  distribute  the 
soldiers,  there  is  not  quite  one  for  each  county, 
and  when  I  give  the  counties,  I  give  them  from  the 
census  of  1870.  If  you  distribute  them  terri- 
torially, there  is  one  for  every  700  square  miles  of 
territory,  so  that  if  you  make  a  territorial  distribu- 

117 


Il8  THE    ORATOR. 

tion,  I  would  remind  the  honorable  Senator  from 
Delaware  (Bayard),  if  I  saw  him  in  his  seat,  that 
the  quota  for  his  State  would  be  '  One  ragged 
Sergeant  and  two  abreast,'  as  the  old  song  has  it. 
That  is  the  force  ready  to  destroy  the  liberties  of 
Delaware." 

This  and  other  witty  and  sarcastic  sallies  were 
greeted  with  hearty  laughter.  He  concluded  thus 
impressively  with  his  favorite  gesture  : 

"All  the  war  measures  of  Abraham  Lincoln  are 
to  be  wiped  out,"  say  leading  Democrats.  "The 
Bourbons  of  France  busied  themselves,  I  believe, 
after  the  restoration,  in  removing  every  trace  of 
Napoleon's  power  and  grandeur,  even  chiseling 
the  '  N'  from  public  monuments  raised  to  perpetu- 
ate his  memory ;  but  the  dead  man's  hand  from 
St.  Helena  reached  out  and  destroyed  them  in 
their  pride  and  folly.  And  I  tell  the  Senators  on 
the  other  side  of  this  Chamber — I  tell  the  Demo- 
cratic party  North  and  South — South  in  the  lead 
and  North  following — that  the  slow,  unmoving 
finger  of  scorn  from  the  tomb  of  the  martyred 
President  on  the  prairies  of  Illinois  will  wither  and 
destroy  them.  'Though  dead,  he  speaketh.' ' 

There  is  common  sense  in  all  Mr.  Elaine's 
utterances,  and  snap  in  his  mode  of  expression. 
Quickness  and  personal  magnetism  constitute  the 
quintessence  of  the  powerful  impression  produced 
by  his  addresses.  In  that  remarkable  winter  of 
1875-6,  when  the  Speaker  resumed  his  seat  on  the 


THE    ORATOR.  IIQ 

floor  of  the  Representative  Chamber,  frequent 
were  the  challenges  to  tilts  with  the  leaders  of  the 
majority.  Right  gallant  bouts  were  those.  Leg- 
islative assembly  never  witnessed  scenes  more, 
dramatic.  Pitted  against  a  whole  band  of  orators 
of  no  mean  calibre,  Blaine  held  his  own  most 
brilliantly.  Despite  such  odds  against  him,  despite 
the  Democratic  sympathies  of  Washington  au- 
diences, the  member  from  Maine  carried  all  before 
him — winning  applause  often  amounting  to  the 
wildest  enthusiasm  from  prejudiced  auditories  and 
adverse  majorities.  No  one  understands  better 
than  Mr.  Blaine  the  art  of  first  winning  the  sup- 
port of  his  hearers,  and  when  once  sure  of  this, 
making  use  of  their  plaudits  to  assist  him  in  hush- 
ing an  opponent  in  debate. 

Once  when  the  chivalric  Tucker  was  addressing 
the  House,  Mr.  Blaine  arose  and  questioned  him 
concerning  the  accuracy  of  his  statements.  Mr. 
Tucker's  reply  indicated  that  he  doubted  Mr. 
Elaine's  ability  to  pass  correct  judgment  on  legal 
subjects,  as  that  gentleman  was  not  a  lawyer. 
Elaine's  memory  enabled  him  to  rejoin  by  remind- 
ing the  distinguished  member  from  Virginia  of 
some  egregious  blunder  committed  by  Mr.  Tucker 
when  filling  the  Attorney-Generalship  of  the  Old 
Dominion,  and  concluded  by  saying  that  if  the 
commission  of  such  mistakes  were  the  result  and 
so-called  advantage  of  being  a  lawyer,  he  at  least 
congratulated  himself  on  not  belonging  to  the 


CHAPTER  VII. 

ELAINE    AS    A   CANDIDATE. 

THERE  never  was  in  the  history  of  any  canvass 
for  a  Presidential  nomination  such  an  absence  of 
personal  effort  upon  the  part  of  any  candidate  as 
there  was  upon  the  part  of  Mr.  Elaine.  It  is  a 
fact,  that  even  his  enemies  have  to  concede,  that  he 
did  nothing  to  advance  his  own  interests.  With- 
out encouraging  devoted  friends,  he  committed 
himself  only  in  one  way,  and  that  is,  he  has  not 
disapproved  their  works  when  they  have  gone 
ahead  to  advance  his  interest.  He  made  a  reso- 
lution early  in  the  canvass  not  to  lift  his  finger  as 
a  candidate,  and  to  this  he  rigidly  adhered. 

In  a  recent  conversation  upon  the  general  sub- 
ject of  the  canvas  Mr.  Elaine  said  that  he  would 
pay  $1000  a  line  for  any  note  that  he  had  written 
this  year  to  any  one  on  the  subject  of  politics.  So, 
without  personal  effort,  without  official  position,  or 
without  a  single  one  of  the  advantages  that  ordi- 
narily are  possessed  by  leading  candidates,  Mr. 
Elaine  outstripped  them  all.  He  undoubtedly  has 
a  hold  upon  popular  favor  surpassing  anything 
ever  known  in  the  history  of  modern  politics.  In 
the  face  of  this  strong  unsolicited  and  unguided 


152  ELAINE    AS    A    CANDIDATE. 

political  movement  it  is  absurd  to  talk  about  Mr. 
Elaine  having  doubtful  ability  as  a  candidate.  A 
man  whose  mere  name,  unsupported  by  any  orga- 
nization or  machine,  can  conjure  up  such  a  popu- 
lar support  will  make  one  of  the  most  enthusiastic 
canvasses  ever  known  in  the  history  of  the  coun- 
try. There  is  nothing  negative  about  Mr.  Elaine. 
You  cannot  remain  neutral  with  him.  You  are 
either  very  much  for  him  or  very  much  against 
him.  Even  his  enemies  who  fight  him  the  hardest 
secretly  admire  his  brilliant  abilities.  He  is  him- 
self a  fighter  who  thrives  and  grows  upon  opposi- 
tion. His  individuality  will  pervade  the  canvass. 
He  personally  has  more  power  to  secure  a  devoted 
following  than  any  other  member  of  the  Republi- 
can party.  In  the  very  prime  of  his  intellectual 
growth,  with  strong,  vigorous  health,  he  has  a 
power  that  is  well-nigh  irresistible  over  every  one 
with  whom  he  comes  in  contact. 

Mr.  Elaine  is  very  remarkably  linked  with  vari- 
ous sections  of  the  country,  and  his  consequent 
familiarity  with  their  resources  and  their  needs  fit 
him  pre-eminently  for  the  Presidency.  To  New 
England  he  has  devoted  the  best  years  of  his  life. 
In  early  childhood  he  mingled  with  the  farmers, 
the  miners  and  manufacturers  of  Western  Penn- 
sylvania, observing  their  ways.  In  Ohio,  whither 
he  was  sent  at  eleven  years  of  age,  and  placed 
under  the  care  of  his  kinsman,  the  Hon.  Thomas 
Ewing,'  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  he  ob- 


CHAPTER  XI. 

THE    CONVENTION. 

CHICAGO  is  never  a  quiet  place,  nor  does 
excessive  modesty  mark  the  average  resident  of 
that  goodly  city,  but  the  early  days  of  June 
1884,  saw  it  a  busier  city  than  usual, — its  streets 
swarmed  with  men  headed  by  bands  of  music,  and 
not  overwhelmed  with  a  modest  or  retiring  spirit. 
An  observer  of  these  scenes  said  :  "The  crowds 
are  great  and  noisy,  the  bands  are  numerous 
and  brassy,  as  are  other  blowers  of  human 
kind." 

On  Monday  there  was  an  atmospheric  tempest, 
with  rain  and  hail,  thunder  and  lightning,  but  it 
was  a  mere  ripple  compared  to  that  which  raged 
about  the  Palmer  House,  where  rumor  said  a 
dicker  had  been  made  which  turned  an  instructed 
and  pledged  delegation  into  channels  other  than 
that  fore-ordained  for  them.  There  were  other 
storm-centres  developed  where  the  thunders  of 
profanity  rolled,  and  where  wit  and  logic  flashed, 
but  the  peace  was  kept  in  a  general  way,  and 
preparations  went  on  vigorously  for  the  great 
meeting  of  Tuesday. 

289 


THE  CONVENTION.  291 

Affairs  were  in  charge  of  the  National  Repub- 
lican Committee,  which  is  composed  as  follows  : 

DWIGHT  M.  SABIN,  Minnesota,  Chairman. 
JOHN  A.  MARTIN,  Kansas,  Secretary. 

Alabama,  Paul  Strobach  ;  Arkansas,  S.  W.  Dor- 
sey ;  California,  Horace  Davis  ;  Colorado,  John 
L.  Routt ;  Connecticut,  ;  Delaware, 

Christian  Febiger  ;  Florida,  William  W.  Hicks  ; 
Georgia,  James  B.  Devereaux  ;  Illinois,  John  A. 
Logan  ;  Indiana,  John  C.  New  ;  Iowa,  John  S. 
Runnels ;  Kansas,  John  A.  Martin ;  Kentucky, 
W.  O.  Bradley ;  Louisiana,  H.  C.  Warmouth ; 
Maine,  William  P.  Frye  ;  Maryland,  James  A. 
Cary ;  Massachusetts,  John  M.  Forbes ;  Michi- 
gan, James  H.  Stone  ;  Minnesota,  D.  M.  Sabin  ; 
Mississippi,  George  McKee ;  Missouri,  C.  I.  Filley ; 
Nebraska,  James  W.  Dawes  ;  Nevada,  John  W. 
Mackey  ;  New  Hampshire,  W.  E.  Chandler  ;  New 
Jersey,  George  A.  Halsey  ;  New  York,  Thomas 
C.  Platt ;  North  Carolina,  W.  P.  Canady ;  Ohio, 
W.  C.  Cooper ;  Oregon,  D.  C.  Ireland  ;  Pennsyl- 
vania, J.  D.  Cameron ;  Rhode  Island,  W.  A. 
Pierce  ;  South  Carolina,  Samuel  Lee  ;  Tennessee, 
William  Rule ;  Texas,  ;  Vermont, 

George  W.  Hooker ;  Virginia,  Samuel  M.  Jones  ; 
West  Virginia,  John  W.  Mason  ;  Wisconsin,  Elihu 
Enos  ;  Arizona,  R.  C.  McCormick  ;  Dakota, 

;  District  of  Columbia,  ;  Idaho, 

George  L.  Shoup  ;  Montana,  A.  H.  Beatty  ;  New 


THE    CONVENTION.  295 

a  vote  adopted  by  the  last  Convention,  the  present 
body  is  largely  made  up  of  men  instructed  by 
their  own  constituents,  and  it  was  therefore  to  be 
hoped  that  the  voice  of  the  people  would  be 
largely  puissant  in  its  deliberations.  [Applause.] 

Mr.  Sabin  concluded  by  nominating  Hon. 
Powell  Clayton,  of  Arkansas,  for  Chairman  pro 
tern,  but  the  Convention,  by  a  vote  of  431  to  387, 
chose  to  this  post  the  Hon.  John  R.  Lynch,  of 
Mississippi,  an  act  which  indicated  that  the  spirit 
of  independent  action  was  abroad  in  the  Conven- 
tion. After  considerable  discussion  on  minor 
matters,  and  the  settlement  of  some  preliminary 
business,  the  great  body  adjourned  for  the  day, 
all  its  members  seemingly  at  sea  as  to  the  coming 
nominees. 

Soon  after  eleven  o'clock  on  Wednesday,  June 
4th,  the  Convention  reassembled,  Chairman 
Lynch  presiding.  At  once  the  scene  became 
animated  with  the  multitude  of  communications, 
resolutions,  and  similar  offerings  which  were 
thrust  before  the  House,  only  to  be  referred  right 
and  left  to  the  various  committees.  After  con- 
siderable discussion  and  oratory,  the  Committee 
on  Permanent  Organization  reported,  recommend- 
ing as  Permanent  Chairman,  General  J.  B.  Hend- 
erson, of  Missouri,  who,  upon  taking  his  post, 
made  the  regulation  speech  of  thanks,  distributing 
his  complimentary  words  on  all  sides,  and  to  all 
the  possible  candidates  for  the  honors  of  the  Con 


I 

H      5 

3    35 


g  = 

H     ^ 


2  I 
" 


^    I 


s 


296  THE    CONVENTION. 

vention.  More  resolutions,  on  all  manner  of 
topics,  were  received  and  referred,  and  so  the 
work  of  the  day  closed,  the  main  committees  not 
being  ready  to  make  their  reports. 

Little  was  accomplished  in  this  day's  work,  so 
far  as  appeared  on  surface,  but  one  of  the  keenest 
and  most  experienced  of  the  observers  on  the 
floor  summed  up  the  situation  at  the  close,  thus  : 
"The  situation,  as  it  stands  to-night,  is  simple 
enough.  Elaine  is  stronger  than  any  individual 
candidate.  But  the  field  is  stronger  than  he. 
His  friends  will  stand  together,  and  when  the  field 
undertakes  to  make  combinations,  it  is  more  than 
likely  enough,  votes  will  slip  through  their  fingers 
to  give  the  needed  help  to  Elaine.  Kansas  will 
probably  give  him  eighteen  instead  of  thirteen, 
and  every  gain  of  five  votes  counts  ;  and  Ohio  is 
wavering,  so  far  as  John  Sherman  is  concerned. 
It  may  not  be  palatable,  but  two  and  two  must 
make  four,  and  if  the  problem  had  to  be  solved 
to-night,  Elaine  would  be  the  nominee." 

Early  in  the  proceedings  the  name  of  General 
W.  H.  Sherman  was  much  mentioned  in  connec- 
tion with  the  first  nomination,  but  the  old  warrior 
routed  this  combination  by  a  telegraphic  bomb  to 
this  effect : 

"  I  would  not  accept  the  nomination  if  tendered 
me.  I  would  not  serve  if  I  was  elected. 

"W.  T.  SHERMAN." 


CHAPTER  XII. 

THE    PLATFORM. 

"Do  not  stand  on  the  platform  when  the  train 
is  in  motion,"  is  a  legend  seriously  employed  in 
railroad  travel  and  ironically  employed  among  the 
political  parties.  Every  party  is  supposed  to 
have  certain  principles  which  constitute  its  dis- 
tinctive features  and  form  a  basis  on  which  to 
rest  its  demand  for  votes.  These  features  are 
technically  "the  planks,"  of  which  "the  party 
platform  "  is  constructed,  and  on  which  it  pre- 
sents itself  to  the  world  and  does  its  work.  It 
is  a  natural  impulse  to  make  unsightly  and  un- 
sound platforms  look  the  best  possible.  The 
rough  planks  of  the  platform  at  the  country 
picnic  are  decorated  with  evergreens  ;  the  extem- 
porized platform  of  the  Fourth  of  July  rally  is 
covered  with  flags,  and  so  the  unsightliness  and 
unsoundness  of  many  a  party  platform  has  been 
concealed  with  redundant  verbiage  and  vague 
phrases.  Indeed,  so  much  does  the  average 
"  platform  "  deal  in  meaningless,  or  double-mean- 
ing phrases,  that  no  man  can  be  fairly  credited 
with  standing  on  it.  And  yet  the  party  platform 
is  an  institution.  The  stump  speakers  of  the  cam- 
298 


299  THE    PLATFORM. 

paign  quote  it,  and  the  excited  disputants  appeal 
to  it.  To  many  it  has  the  authority  of  both  law 
and  gospel. 

The  platform  for  the  campaign  of  1884  was 
adopted  at  Chicago,  Thursday,  June  5th. 

As  the  platform  was  being  read  there  were  in- 
terruptions of  applause  at  the  points  approving  the 
President's  administration  ;  declaring  that  duties 
shall  be  made  not  for  revenue  only ;  claiming 
full  and  adequate  protection  for  sheep  husbandry  ; 
recommending  legislation  to  regulate  the  rail- 
roads ;  disapproving  the  importation  of  contract 
labor,  whether  from  Europe  or  Asia  ;  favoring  the 
civil  service  law  ;  condemning  the  acquisition  of 
large  tracts  of  lands,  especially  by  non-resident 
aliens  ;  declaring  the  policy  of  non-interference 
with  foreign  nations,  and  that  foreign  nations  shall 
refrain  from  intermeddling  in  American  affairs  ; 
for  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  against  polygamy 
and  condemning  the  fraud  and  violence  of  the 
Democracy  in  the  Southern  States.  The  resolu- 
tions were  adopted  .without  discussion  and  amid 
much  applause.  The  full  text  of  the  platform  is 
given  below: 


THE    REPUBLICAN    PLATFORM. 


The  Republicans  of  the  United  States,  in  Convention 
assembled,  renew  their  allegiance  to  the  principles  upon 
which  they  have  triumphed  in  six  successive  Presidential 
elections,  and  congratulate  the  American  people  on  the 


THE    PLATFORM.  30 1 

but  that  in  raising  the  requisite  revenues  for  the  Govern- 
ment, such  duties  shall  be  so  levied  as  to  afford  security 
to  our  diversified  industries,  and  protection  to  the  rights 
and  wages  of  the  laborer,  to  the  end  that  active  and  intel- 

o 

ligent  labor,  as  well  as  capital,  may  have  its  just  award, 
and  the  laboring  man  his  full  share  in  the  national 
prosperity.  Against  the  so-called  economical  system  of 
the  Democratic  party,  which  would  degrade  our  labor  to 
the  foreign  standard,  we  enter  our  earnest  protest.  The 
Democratic  party  has  failed  completely  to  relieve  the 
people  of  the  burden  of  unnecessary  taxation  by  a  wise 
reduction  of  the  surplus. 

The  Republican  party  pledges  itself  to  correct  the 
inequalities  of  the  tariff,  and  to  reduce  the  surplus,  not  by 
the  vicious  and  indiscriminate  process  of  horizontal  reduc- 
tion, but  by  such  methods  as  will  relieve  the  tax-payer 
without  injuring  the  laborer  or  the  great  productive  inter- 
ests of  the  country. 

We  recognize  the  importance  of  sheep  husbandry  in 
the  United  States,  the  serious  depression  which  it  is  now 
experiencing,  and  the  danger  threatening  its  future 
prosperity,  and  we  therefore  respect  the  demands  of  the 
representatives  of  this  important  agricultural  interest  for 
a  readjustment  of  duty  upon  foreign  wool,  in  order  that 
such  industry  shall  have  full  and  adequate  protection. 

We  have  always  recommended  the  best  money  known 
to  the  civilized  world,  and  we  urge  that  an  effort  be  made 
to  unite  all  commercial  nations  in  the  establishment  of 
the  international  standard  which  shall  fix  for  all  the  rela- 
tive value  of  gold  and  silver  coinage.  . 

POWERS    OF   CONGRESS. 

The  regulation  of  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and 
between  the  States,  is  one  of  the  most  important  preroga- 


3O2  THE    PLATFORM. 

tives  of  the  General  Government,  and  the  Republican 
party  distinctly  announces  its  purpose  to  support  such 
legislation  as  will  fully  and  efficiently  carry  out  the  con- 
stitutional power  of  Congress  over  inter-State  commerce. 
The  principle  of  the  public  regulation  of  railway  corpo- 
rations is  a  wise  and  salutary  one  for  trre  protection  of  all 
classes  of  the  people,  and  we  favor  legislation  that  shall 
prevent  unjust  discrimination  and  excessive  charges  for 
transportation,  and  that  shall  secure  to  the  people  and  to 
the  railways  alike  the  fair  and  equal  protection  of  the 
laws.  We  favor  the  establishment  of  a  national  bureau 
of  labor,  the  enforcement  of  the  eight-hour  law,  a  wise 
and  judicious  system  of  general  education  by  adequate 
appropriation  from  the  national  revenues  wherever  the 
same  is  needed.  We  believe  that  everywhere  the  pro- 
tection to  a  citizen  of  American  birth  must  be  secured  to 
the  citizens  by  American  adoption,  and  we  favor  the 
settlement  of  national  differences  by  international  arbi- 
tration. 

The  Republican  party,  having  its  birth  in  a  hatred  of 
slave  labor,  and  in  a  desire  that  all  men  may  be  free  and 
equal,  is  unalterably  opposed  to  placing  our  workingmen 
in  competition  with  any  form  of  servile  labor,  whether  at 
home  or  abroad.  In  this  spirit  we  denounce  the  import- 
ation of  contract  labor,  whether  from  Europe  or  Asia,  as 
an  offense  against  the  spirit  of  American  institutions,  and 
we  pledge  ourselves  to  sustain  the  present  law  restricting 
Chinese  immigration,  and  to  provide  such  further  legisla- 
tion as  is  necessary  to  carry  out  its  purposes. 

CIVIL   SERVICE    REFORM. 

The  reform  of  the  civil  service,  auspiciously  begun 
under  Republican  administration,  should  be  completed 


CHAPTER    XIII. 

NAMING    THE    CANDIDATES. 

No  session  of  the  Convention  had  awakened 
so  general  interest  and  enthusiasm  as  that  held 
on  Thursday  night,  when  naming  the  candidates 
was  the  order  of  business.  The  Convention 
presented  a  most  brilliant  and  imposing  spectacle. 
More  than  a  thousand  gaslights  illuminated  the 
hall,  and  fully  one-third  of  the  galleries  and  half 
the  stage  platform  were  filled  with  ladies.  The 
night  was  clear  and  cool,  the  occasion  one  of 
uncommon  inspiration,  and  everything  befitted 
the  greatest  work  of  the  greatest  people  of  the 
earth.  The  States  were  called  in  order,  and  such 
as  had  a  favorite  son  to  name  presented  him  in  a 
suitable  speech  from  a  chosen  representative. 
Connecticut  was  the  first  to  respond,  which  she 
did  in  the  person  of  Augustus  Brandagee,  of 
New  London,  who  presented  the  name  of  General 
Joseph  R.  Hawley.  He  spoke  at  length  of  Gen- 
eral Hawley's  services  to  the  party  and  his  war 
record.  "  He  fought,"  said  Mr.  Brandagee,  "  the 
war  through,  from  a  private  at  Bull  Run  until  that 
day  when  the  Democratic  party  laid  down  its  arms 
under  the  apple  tree  of  Appomattox.  [Applause.] 
306 


GENERAL  JOSEPH   R.   HAWLEY, 
U.  S.  Senator  for  Connecticut. 


NAMING   THE    CANDIDATES.  307 

He  went  in  with  a  musket.  He  came  out  as  a 
major-general.  But,  sir,  it  is  not  in  the  purple 
testament  of  bleeding  war  that  his  name  is  written ; 
among  the  foremost  alone  he  stands,  as  well  in  the 
front  rank  of  debaters,  orators  and  Senators. 
There  is  no  State  where  his  voice  has  not  been 
heard,  preaching  the  gospel  of  Republicanism. 
He  was  a  Republican  before  the  Republican  party 
was  born.  [Applause  and  cheers.]  He  believed  in 
its  creed  before  it  was  formulated.  [Applause 
and  cheers.]  There  is  no  question  in  the  Senate 
of  the  United  States  which  has  not  received  his 
intelligence."  Mr.  Brandagee  said  his  character 
was  without  stain,  and  there  was  nothing  to  apolo- 
gize for,  but  if  the  Convention  concluded  it  had  a 
better  candidate  than  Hawley,  Connecticut  would 
cheerfully  support  him. 

Illinois  responded  to  the  call  through  Senator 
Callow,  who  presented  the  name  of  General  John 
A.  Logan.  He  dwelt  on  Logan's  war  record, 
and  said  he  had  never  lost  a  battle,  nor  disobeyed 
an  order.  His  remarks  were  frequently  cheered, 
but  he  and  his  second  exhausted  the  enthusiasm 
of  the  house  by  the  inordinate  length  of  their 
remarks. 

The  call  of  Maine  produced  a  storm  of  applause, 
shaking  the  building  from  the  floor  to  the  dome. 
Hats,  canes,  umbrellas,  handkerchiefs,  even  bon- 
nets, were  wildly  waved.  The  applause  was 
incessant.  The  audience  got  upon  chairs,  the 


308  NAMING    THE    CANDIDATES. 

ladies  waving  their  handkerchiefs.  .The  band 
finally  tried  to  drown  the  enthusiasm  of  the  multi- 
tude, but  only  an  occasional  strain  could  be  heard. 
The  chairman  vainly  tried  to  secure  order.  Judge 
West,  of  Ohio,  finally  took  the  floor  to  present  the 
name  of  James  G.  Blaine.  He  paid  an  eloquent 
tribute  to  Blaine.  There  was  intense  applause 
upon  reference  to  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  immortal 
emancipator.  The  Judge  asked,  "Who  shall  be 
our  candidate  ?  "  which  evoked  loud  replies  from 
the  audience  of  "  Blaine  !  "  "  Blaine  !  "  and  pro- 
duced a  shouting  combat  of  voices,  the  supporters 
of  each  loudly  shouting  their  favorite  name. 
When  West  mentioned  Blaine's  name,  the  audience 
arose  to  its  feet,  and  tremendous  cheering  was 
long  continued.  The  audience  took  the  flags 
fastened  around  the  gallery  and  waved  them. 
Then  they  pulled  the  banners  down  from  the  walls 
of  the  hall,  waving  them  amid  deafening  cheering. 

When  West  had  finished  there  was  renewed 
cheering,  which  continued  for  some  time  afterward. 
Ex-Governor,  Cushman  K.  Davis,  of  Minnesota, 
took  the  floor  to  second  the  nomination.  He  said 
the  people  of  the  country  asked  this  Convention 
to  grant  their  twice-deferred  desire  ;  that  Blaine 
was  not  of  one  State,  but  of  all,  from  Maine  to 
California.  He  concluded  his  speech  amid  another 
outburst  of  applause. 

General  William  Cassins  Goodloe,  of  Kentucky, 
from  the  home  of  Henry  Clay,  followed  in  a  speech 


§1 

ll 

<  s 


II 


NAMING    THE    CANDIDATES.  309 

seconding  Elaine's  nomination.  By  this  time  the 
crowd  outside  of  the  Convention  had  taken  up  the 
enthusiasm,  their  cheers  preventing  much  of  the 
speech  being  heard  at  remote  points  in  the  hall. 
Ex-Senator  Thomas  C.  Platt,  of  New  York,  also 
seconded  the  nomination.  He  asked  the  Elaine 
delegates  to  stand  firm,  and  victory  now  and  in 
November  was  theirs.  He  was  followed  by  Hon. 
Galusha  A.  Grow,  of  Pennsylvania,  who  also  spoke 
for  Elaine. 

When  New  York  was  called  the  house  burst 
into  cheers,  which  were  generally  participated  in. 
The  cheering  continued  and. flags  and  handker- 
chiefs were  waved  and  many  delegates  threw  their 
hats  in  the  air.  Finally  the  galleries  struck  up  the 
old  refrain,  "John  Erown's  Body." 

Martin  I.  Townsend  took  the  floor  to  present 
Arthur.  His  speech  was  freqently  interrupted  by 
cheers.  He  said  Arthur's  nomination  would  give 
satisfaction  to  all  classes  of  citizens.  Townsend's 
reference  to  Conkling  and  Platt  resigning  on 
account  of  Elaine's  wickedness  was  received  with 
a  storm  of  hisses.  The  latter  part  of  Townsend's 
speech  was  delivered  amid  a  good  deal  of  con- 
fusion and  interruption. 

General  Harry  Bingham,  of  Pennsylvania, 
seconded  the  nomination  of  Arthur,  in  an  enthu- 
siastic speech,  which  was  well  received.  When  he 
spoke  for  Pennsylvania,  and  pledged  the  electoral 
vote  for  Arthur  by  30,000,  he  revived  the  Arthur 


CHAPTER  XX. 

THE '  VICE-PRESIDENTIAL   NOMINEE. 

JOHN  A.  LOGAN,  the  senior  Senator  from  Illinois, 
and  nominee  of  the  Republican  party  for  Vice- 
President,  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Southern  Illinois, 
about  fifty-eight  years  ago.  He  received  a  com- 
mon school  education,  and  was  elected  county 
clerk  when  he  was  scarcely  out  of  his  teens.  He 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and 
left  the  army  a  quartermaster.  He  then  studied 
and  practised  law,  but,  his  aptitude  for  politics 
reasserting  itself,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Illinois  Legislature  in  1852,  and  again  in  1856, 
having  served  one  term  as  prosecuting  attorney 
in  the  meantime.  He  was  a  Presidential  elector 
in  1856,  and  then  went  to  Congress,  serving  con- 
tinuously until  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war.  Enter- 
ing the  army  as  colonel,  he  attained  the  rank  of 
major-general.  In  1865,  he  was  appointed  Min- 
ister to  Mexico,  but  declined. 

He  was  elected  to  the  Fortieth  and  Forty-first 
Congresses,  and  in  1871  was  chosen  to  succeed 
Hon.  Richard  Yates  in  the  United  States  Senate. 
After  serving  one  term  he  returned  to  his  law 
practice,  but  was  again  sent  to  the  Senate  in  1879. 

321 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS 
A  BIRD'S-EYE  VIEW  OF  THE  NATION'S  HISTORY. 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON, 

FIRST  President  of  the  United  States,  was 
born  in  Westmoreland  County,  Virginia, 
on  the  22d  of  February,  1732.  He  was 
the  son  of  Augustine  Washington,  a  wealthy 
planter,  and  his  second  wife,  Mary  Ball.  John 
Washington,  the  great-grandfather  of  the  illus- 
trious subject  of  this  sketch,  emigrated  from  Eng- 
land and  settled  in  Virginia  about  1657.  George 
Washington's  father  died  when  he  was  in  his 
eleventh  year,  leaving  him  in  the  care  of  his 
mother,  a  woman  of  marked  strength  of  charac- 
ter. She  was  worthy  of  her  trust.  From  her  he 
acquired  that  self-restraint,  love  of  order,  and 
strict  regard  for  justice  and  fair  dealing,  which, 
with  his  inherent  probity  and  truthfulness,  formed 
the  basis  of  a  character  rarely  equaled  for  its 
simple,  yet  commanding  nobleness. 

Apart  from  his  mother's  training,  the  youthful 
Washington  received  only  the  ordinary  country- 

385 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

school  education  of  the  time,  never  having  attended 
college,  or  taken  instruction  in  the  ancient  Ian- 

o     ' 

guages.  He  had  no  inclination  for  any  but  the 
most  practical  studies,  but  in  these  he  was  remark- 
ably precocious.  When  barely  sixteen  Lord  Fair- 
fax, who  had  become  greatly  interested  in  the 
promising  lad,  engaged  him  to  survey  his  vast 
estates  lying  in  the  wilderness  west  of  the  Blue 
Ridge.  So  satisfactory  was  his  performance  of 
this  perilous  and  difficult  task,  that,  on  its  comple- 
tion, he  was  appointed  Public  Surveyor.  This 
office  he  held  for  three  years,  acquiring  consider- 
able pecuniary  benefits,  as  well  as  a  knowledge 
of  the  country,  which  was  of  value  to  him  in  his 
subsequent  military  career. 

When  only  nineteen,  Washington  was  appointed 
Military  Inspector  of  one  of  the  districts  into  which 
Virginia  was  then  divided.  In  November,  1753, 
he  was  sent  by  Governor  Dinwiddie  on  a  mission 
to  the  French  posts,  near  the  Ohio  River,  to  ascer- 
tain the  designs  of  France  in  that  quarter.  It  was 
a  mission  of  hardship  and  peril,  performed  with 
rare  prudence,  sagacity,  and  resolution.  Its  bril- 
liant success  laid  the  foundation  of  his  fortunes. 
"From  that  time,"  says  Irving,  "Washington  was 
the  rising  hope  of  Virginia." 

Of  Washington's  services  in  the  resulting  war, 
we  cannot  speak  in  detail.  An  unfortunate  mili- 
tary expedition  to  the  frontier  was  followed  by  a 
campaign  under  Braddock,  whom  he  accompanied 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 

as  aid-de-camp,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  in  his 
march  against  Fort  Duquesne.  That  imprudent 
General,  scorning  the  advice  of  his  youthful  aid, 
met  disastrous  defeat  and  death.  In  the  battle, 
Washington's  coat  was  pierced  by  four  bullets. 
His  bravery  and  presence  of  mind  alone  saved 
the  army  from  total  destruction. 

Washington,  on  his  return,  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  all  the  troops  of  the  colony, 
then  numbering  about  two  thousand  men.  This 
was  in  1755,  when  he  was  but  little  more  than 
twenty-three  years  of  age.  Having  led  the  Vir- 
ginia 'troops  in  Horbes'  expedition  in  1758,  by 
which  Fort  Duquesne  was  captured,  he  resigned 
his  commission,  and,  in  January,  1759,  married 
Mrs.  Martha  Custis  (nee  Dandridge),  and  settled 
down  at  Mount  Vernon,  on  the  Potomac,  which 
estate  he  had  inherited  from  his  elder  brother 
Lawrence,  and  to  which  he  added  until  it  reached 
some  eight  thousand  acres. 

The  fifteen  years  following  his  marriage  were, 
to  Washington,  years  of  such  happiness  as  is 
rarely  accorded  to  mortals.  It  was  the  halcyon 
period  of  his  life.  His  home  was  the  centre  of  a 
generous  hospitality,  where  the  duties  of  a  busy 
planter  and  of  a  Judge  of  the  County  Court  were 
varied  by  rural  enjoyments  and  social  intercourse. 
He  managed  his  estates  with  prudence  and  econ- 
omy. He  slurred  over  nothing,  and  exhibited, 
even  then,  that  rigid  adherence  to  system  and 


-,gg  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

accuracy  of  detail  which  subsequently  marked  his 
performance  of  his  public  duties. 

In  the  difficulties  which  presently  arose  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  American  Colonies,  Wash- 
ington sympathized  deeply  with  the  latter,  and 
took  an  earnest,  though  not  specially  prominent 
part  in  those  movements  which  finally  led  to  the 
War  of  Independence.  In  the  first  general  Con- 
gress of  the  Colonies,  which  met  in  Philadelphia, 
on  the  5th  of  September,  1774,  we  find  the  name 
of  Washington  among  the  Virginia  Delegates. 
As  to  the  part  he  took  in  that  Congress,  we  can 
only  judge  from  a  remark  made  by  Patrick  Henry, 
also  a  Delegate :  "  Colonel  Washington,"  said  the 
great  orator,  "  was  undoubtedly  the  greatest  man 
on  that  floor,  if  you  speak  of  solid  information  and 
sound  judgment." 

In  the  councils  of  his  native  province,  we  also 
get  glimpses  of  his  calm  and  dignified  presence. 
And  he  is  ever  on  the  side  of  the  Colonies — mod- 
erate, yet  resolute,  hopeful  of  an  amicable  adjust- 
ment of  difficulties,  yet  advocating  measures  look- 
ing to  a  final  appeal  to  arms. 

At  length  the  storm  broke.  The  Battle  of 
Lexington  called  the  "whole  country  to  arms. 
While  in  the  East  the  rude  militia  of  New  Ene- 

o 

land  beleaguered  Boston  with  undisciplined  but 
stern  determination,  Congress,  in  May,  1775,  met 
a  second  time  in  Philadelphia.  A  Federal  Union 
xvas  formed  and  an  army  called  for.  As  chair- 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  389 

man  of  the  various  Committees  on  Military  Affairs, 
Washington  drew  up  most  of  the  rules  and  regu- 
lations of  the  army,  and  devised  measures  for 
defense.  The  question  now  arose — By  whom 
was  the  army  to  be  led  ?  Hancock,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  ambitious  of  the  place.  Sectional 
jealousies  showed  themselves.  Happily,  how- 
ever, Johnson,  of  Maryland,  rising  in  his  seat, 
nominated  Washington.  The  election  was  by 
ballot,  and  unanimous.  Modestly  expressing  sin- 
cere doubts  as  to  his  capability,  Washington 
accepted  the  position  with  thanks,  but  refused  to 
receive  any  salary.  "  I  will  keep  an  exact  account 
of  my  expenses,"  he  said.  "  These  I  doubt  not 
Congress  will  discharge.  That  is  all  I  desire." 

On  the  1 5th  of  June  he  received  his  commis- 
sion. Writing  a  tender  letter  to  his  wife,  he 
rapidly  prepared  to  start  on  the  following  day 
to  the  army  before  Boston.  He  was  now  in  the 
full  vigor  of  manhood,  forty-three  years  of  age, 
tall,  stately,  of  powerful  frame  and  commanding 
presence.  "As  he  sat  his  horse  with  manly 
grace,"  says  Irving,  "his  military  bearing  de- 
lighted every  eye,  and  wherever  he  went  the  air 
rung  with  acclamations." 

On  his  way  to  the  army,  Washington  met  the 
tidings  of  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  When  told 

o 

how  bravely  the  militia  had  acted,  a  load  seemed 
lifted  from  his  heart.  "The  liberties  of  the  coun- 
try are  safe !"  he  exclaimed.  On  the  2d  of  July 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

he  took  command  of  the  troops,  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  the  entire  force  then  numbering  about 
1 5,000  men.  It  was  not  until  March,  1776,  that 
the  siege  of  Boston  ended  in  the  withdrawal  of 
the  British  forces.  Washington's  admirable  con- 
duct of  this  siege  drew  forth  the  enthusiastic  ap- 
plause of  the  nation.  Congress  had  a  gold  medal 
struck,  bearing  the  effigy  of  Washington  as  the 
Deliverer  of  Boston. 

Hastening  to  defend  New  York  from  threat- 
ened attack,  Washington  there  received,  on  the 
9th  of  July,  1776,  a  copy  of  the  "Declaration  of 
Independence,"  adopted  by  Congress  five  days 
previously.  On  the  27th  of  the  following  month 
occurred  the  disastrous  battle  of  Long  Island,  the 
misfortunes  of  which  were  retrieved,  however, 
by  Washington's  admirable  retreat,  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  achievements  of  the  war.  Again 
defeated  at  White  Plains,  he  was  compelled  to 
retire  across  New  Jersey.  On  the  7th  of  De- 
cember he  passed  to  the  west  side  of  the  Dela- 
ware, at  the  head  of  a  dispirited  army  of  less  than 
four  thousand  effective  men.  many  of  them  with- 
out shoes,  and  leaving  tracks  of  blood  in  the 
snow,  This  was  the  darkest  period  of  the  war. 
But  suddenly,  as  if  inspired,  Washington,  in  the 
midst  of  a  driving  storm,  on  Christmas  night  re- 
crossing  the  Delaware,  now  filled  with  floating 
ice,  gained  in  rapid  succession  the  brilliant  vic- 
tories of  Trenton  and  Princeton,  thus  changing 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 

the  entire  aspect  of  affairs.  Never  were  victories 
better  timed.  The  waning  hopes  of  the  people 
in  their  cause  and  their  commander  were  at  once 
restored  as  if  by  magic. 

It  is  not  possible,  in  this  necessarily  brief 
sketch,  to  give  the  details  of  the  agonizing  strug- 
gle in  which  Washington  and  his  little  army  were 
now  involved.  Superior  numbers  and  equip- 
ments often  inflicted  upon  him  disasters  which 
would  have  crushed  a  less  resolute  spirit. 
Cheered,  however,  by  occasional  glimpses  of  vic- 
tory, and  wisely  taking  advantage  of  what  his 
troops  learned  in  hardship  and  defeat,  he  was  at 
length  enabled,  by  one  sagacious  and  deeply 
planned  movement,  to  bring  the  war  virtually  to 
a  close  in  the  capture  of  the  British  army  of 
7,000  men,  under  Cornwallis,  at  Yorktown,  on 
the  i  Qth  of  October,  1781. 

The   tidings   of  the  surrender   of   Cornwallis 

o 

filled  the  country  with  joy.  The  lull  in  the  ac- 
tivity of  both  Congress  and  the  people  was  not 
viewed  with  favor  by  Washington.  It  was  a 
period  of  peril.  Idleness  in  the  army  fostered 
discontents  there,  which  at  one  time  threatened 
the  gravest  mischief.  It  was  only  by  the  utmost 
exertion  that  Washington  induced  the  malcon- 
tents to  turn  a  deaf  ear  to  those  who  were  at- 
tempting, as  he  alleged,  "  to  open  the  flood-gates 
of  civil  discord,  and  deluge  our  rising  empire 
with  blood." 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

* 

On  September  3d,  1783,  a  treaty  of  peace  was 
signed  at  Paris,  by  which  the  complete  indepen- 
dence of  the  United  States  was  secured.  On  the 
23d  of  December  following,  Washington  for- 
mally resigned  his  command.  The  very  next 
morning  he  hastened  to  his  beloved  Mount  Ver- 

o 

non,  arriving  there  that  evening,  in  time  to  enjoy 
the  festivities  which  there  greeted  him. 

Washington  was  not  long  permitted  to  enjoy 
his  retirement.  Indeed,  his  solicitude  for  the  per- 
petuity of  the  political  fabric  he  had  helped  to 
raise  he  could  not  have  shaken  off  if  he  would. 
Unconsciously,  it  might  have  been,  by  his  letters 
to  his  old  friends  still  m  public  life,  he  continued 
to  exercise  a  powerful  influence  on  national  affairs. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  to  propose  a  remodeling 
of  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  which  were  now 
acknowledged  to  be  insufficient  for  their  purpose. 
At  length,  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the 
several  States,  to  form  a  new  Constitution,  met  at 
Philadelphia,  in  May,  1787.  Washington  pre- 
sided over  its  session,  which  was  long  and  stormy. 
After  four  months  of  deliberation  was  formed 
that  Constitution  under  which,  with  some  subse- 
quent amendments,  we  now  live. 

When  the  new  Constitution  was  finally  ratified, 
Washington  was  called  to  the  Presidency  by  the 
unanimous  voice  of  the  people.  In  April,  1 789, 
he  set  out  from  Mount  Vernon  for  New  York, 
then  the  seat  of  Government,  to  be  inaugurated. 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  303 

"  His  progress,"  says  Irving,  "  was  a  continuous 
ovation.  The  ringing  of  bells  and  the  roaring  of 
cannon  proclaimed  his  course.  Old  and  young, 
women  and  children,  thronged  the  highways  to 
bless  and  welcome  him."  His  inauguration  took 

o 

place  April  3Oth,  1 789,  before  an  immense  multi- 
tude. 

The  eight  years  of  Washington's  Administra- 
tion were  years  of  trouble  and  difficulty.  The 
two  parties  which  had  sprung  up — the  Federalist 
and  the  Republican — were  greatly  embittered 
against  each  other,  each  charging  the  other  with 
the  most  unpatriotic  designs.  No  other  man  than 
Washington  could  have  carried  the  country  safely 
through  so  perilous  a  period.  His  prudent,  firm, 
yet  conciliatory  spirit,  aided  by  the  love  ajid  ven- 
eration with  which  the  people  regarded  him,  kept 
down  insurrection  and  silenced  discontent. 

That  he  passed  through  this  trying  period 
safely  cannot  but  be  a  matter  of  astonishment. 
The  angry  partisan  contests,  to  which  we  have 
referred,  were  of  themselves  sufficient  to  dis- 
hearten any  common  man.  Even  Washington  was 
distrustful  of  the  event,  so  fiercely  were  the  par- 
tisans of  both  parties  enlisted — the  Federalists 
clamoring  for  a  stronger  government,  the  Repub- 
licans for  additional  checks  on  the  power  already 
intrusted  to  the  Executive.  Besides,  the  Revolu- 
tion then  raging  in  France  became  a  source  of 
contention.  The  Federalists  sided  with  England, 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

who  was  bent  on  crushing  that  Revolution;  the 
Republicans,  on  the  other  hand,  sympathized 
deeply  with  the  French  people :  so  that  between 
them  both,  it  was  with  extreme  difficulty  that  the 
President  could  prevent  our  young  Republic,  bur- 
dened with  debt,  her  people  groaning  under  taxes 
necessarily  heavy,  and  with  finances,  commerce, 
and  the  industrial  arts  in  a  condition  of  chaos, 
from  being  dragged  into  a  fresh  war  with  either 
France  or  England. 

But,  before  retiring  from  the  Presidency,  Wash- 
ington had  the  happiness  of  seeing  many  of  the 
difficulties  from  which  he  had  apprehended  so  much, 
placed  in  a  fair  way  of  final  adjustment.  A  finan- 
cial system  was  developed  which  lightened  the 
burden  of  public  debt  and  revived  the  drooping 
energies  of  the  people.  The  country  progressed 
rapidly.  Immigrants  flocked  to  our  shores,  and 
the  regions  west  of  the  Alleghanies  began  to  fill 
up.  New  States  claimed  admission  and  were 
received  into  the  Union — Vermont,  in  1791 ;  Ken- 
tucky, in  1792  ;  and  Tennessee,  in  1796  ;  so  that, 
before  the  close  of  Washington's  second  term,  the 
original  thirteen  States  had  increased  to  sixteen. 

Having  served  two  Presidential  terms,  Wash- 
ington, declining  another  election,  returned  once 
more  to  Mount  Vernon,  "  that  haven  of  repose  to 
which  he  had  so  often  turned  a  wistful  eye,"  bear- 
ing with  him  the  love  and  gratitude  of  his.  country- 
men, to  whom,  in  his  memorable  "  Farewell  Ad- 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  ?„* 

dress,"  he  bequeathed  a  legacy  of  practical  politi- 
cal wisdom  which  it  will  be  well  for  them  to 
remember  and  profit  by.  In  this  immortal  docu- 
ment he  insisted  that  the  union  of  the  States  was 
"a  main  pillar"  in  the  real  independence  of  the 
people.  He  also  entreated  them  to  "  steer  clear 
of  any  permanent  alliances  with  any  portion  of 
the  foreign  world." 

At  Mount  Vernon  Washington  found  constant 
occupation  in  the  supervision  of  his  various 
estates.  It  was  while  taking  his  usual  round  on 
horseback  to  look  after  his  farms,  that,  on  the  1 2th 
of  December,  1 799,  he  encountered  a  cold,  winter 
storm.  He  reached  home  chill  and  damp.  The 
next  day  he  had  a  sore  throat,  with  some  hoarse- 
ness. By  the  morning  of  the  i4th  he  could 
scarcely  swallow.  "  I  find  I  am  going,"  said  he  to 
a  friend.  "  I  believed  from  the  first  that  the 
attack  would  be  fatal."  That  night,  between  ten 
and  eleven,  he  expired,  without  a  struggle  or  a 
sigh,  in  the  sixty-eighth  year  of  his  age,  his  disease 
being  acute  laryngitis.  Three  days  afterward 
his  remains  were  deposited  in  the  family  tombs  at 
Mount  Vernon,  where  they  still  repose. 

Washington  left  a  reputation  on  which  there  is 
no  stain.  "  His  character,"  says  Irving, "  possessed 
fewer  inequalities,  and  a  rarer  union  of  virtues 
than  perhaps  ever  fell  to  the  lot  of  one  man. 
*  *  *  It  seems  as  if  Providence  had  endowed 
him  in  a  pre-eminent  degree  with  the  qualities 


-,Q  6  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

requisite  to  fit  him  for  the  high  destiny  he  was 
called  upon  to  fulfill." 

In  stature  Washington  was  six  feet  two  inches 
in  height,  well  proportioned,  and  firmly  built. 
His  hair  was  brown,  his  eyes  blue  and  set  far 
apart.  From  boyhood  he  was  famous  for  great 
strength  and  agility.  Jefferson  pronounced  him 
"  the  best  horseman  of  his  age,  and  the  most  grace- 
ful figure  that  could  be  seen  on  horseback."  He 
was  scrupulously  neat,  gentlemanly,  and  punctual, 
and  always  dignified  and  reserved. 

In  the  resolution  passed  upon  learning  of  his 
death,  the  National  House  of  Representatives 
described  him  for  the  first  time  in  that  well-known 
phrase,  "  First  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in 
the  hearts  of  his  countrymen," — a  tribute  which 
succeding  generations  have  continued  to  bestow 
upon  Washington  without  question  or  doubt.  By 
common  consent  to  him  is  accorded  as  pre-emi- 
nently appropriate  the  title,  "  Pater  Patriae," — the 
"  Father  of  his  Country." 

Of  Washington,  Lord  Brougham  says :  "  It  will 
be  the  duty  of  the  historian  and  the  sage,  in  all 
ages,  to  omit  no  occasion  of  commemorating  this 
illustrious  man ;  and  until  time  shall  be  no  more 
will  a  test  of  the  progress  our  race  has  made  in 
wisdom  and  virtue  be  derived  from  the  veneration 
paid  to  the  immortal  name  of  Washington." 


JOHN  ADAMS. 


JOHN  ADAMS, 

SECOND  President  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  at  Braintree,  now  Quincy,  Mass., 
October  igth,  1735.  He  was  the  eldest  son 
of  John  Adams,  a  farmer,  and  Susanna  Boylston. 
Graduating  from  Harvard  in  1 755,  he  studied  law, 
defraying  his  expenses  by  teaching.  In  1764,  hav- 
ing meanwhile  been  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Abigail  Smith,  a  lady  whose  energy  of 
character  contributed  largely  to  his  subsequent 
advancement. 

As  early  as  1761,  we  find  young  Adams  look- 
ing forward,  with  prophetic  vision,  to  American 
Independence.  When  the  memorable  Stamp  Act 
was  passed  in  1765,  he  joined  heart  and  soul  in 
opposition  to  it.  A  series  of  resolutions  which  he 
drew  up  against  it  and  presented  to  the  citizens  of 
Braintree  was  adopted  also  by  more  than  forty 
other  towns  in  the  Province.  He  took  the  ad- 
vanced grounds  that  it  was  absolutely  void — 
Parliament  having  no  right  to  tax  the  Colonies. 

In  1 768  he  removed  to  Boston.  The  rise  of  the 
young  lawyer  was  now  rapid/and  he  was  the  lead- 
ing man  in  many  prominent  cases.  When,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1774,  the  first  Colonial  Congress  met,  at 
Philadelphia,  Adams  was  one  of  the  five  Delegates 
from  Massachusetts.  In  that  Congress  he  took 
a  prominent  part  He  it  was  who,  on  the  6th  of 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

May,  1776,  boldly  advanced  upon  the  path  of 
Independence,  by  moving  "  the  adoption  of  such 
measures  as  would  best  conduce  to  the  happiness 
and  safety  of  the  American  people."  It  was 
Adams,  who,  a  month  later,  seconded  the  resolu- 
tion of  Lee,  of  Virginia,  "  that  these  United  States 
are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  independent."  It 
was  he  who  uttered  the  famous  words,  "  Sink  or 
swim,  live  or  die,  survive  or  perish,  with  my 
country  is  my  unalterable  determination."  He, 
too,  it  was,  who,  with  Jefferson,  Franklin,  Sher- 
man, and  Livingston,  drew  up  that  famous  "  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,"  which,  adopted  by  Con- 
gress on  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  decided  a  question, 
"  greater,  perhaps,  than  ever  was  or  will  be  de- 
cided anywhere."  During  all  these  years  of 
engrossing  public  duty  he  produced  many  able 
essays  on  the  rights  of  the  Colonies.  These  ap- 
peared in  the  leading  journals  of  the  day  and 
exerted  wide  influence.  The  motion  to  prepare 
a  Declaration  of  Independence  was  opposed  by  a 
strong  party,  to  the  champion  of  which  Adams 
made  reply  and  Jefferson  said,  "  John  Adams  was 
the  ablest  advocate  and  champion  of  indepen- 
dence on  the  floor  of  the  House." 

Writing  to  his  wife  on  July  3d,  1776,  and  refer- 
ring to  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  that  day 
adopted,  he  forecast  the  manner  of  that  day's 
celebration  by  bonfires,  fireworks,  etc.,  as  "  the 
great  anniversary  festival."  During  all  the  years 


JOHN  ADAMS.  403 

of  the  war  he  was  a  most  zealous  worker  and  val- 
ued counselor.  After  its  years  of  gloom  and 
trial,  on  the  2ist  of  January,  1783,  he  assisted  in 
the  conclusion  of  a  treaty  of  peace,  by  which 
Great  Britain  acknowledged  the  complete  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States.  On  the  previous 
October,  he  had  achieved  what  he  ever  regarded 
as  the  greatest  success  of  his  life — the  formation 
of  a  treaty  of  peace  and  alliance  with  Holland, 
which  had  a  most  important  bearing  on  the  nego- 
tiations leading  to  the  final  adjustment  with  Eng- 
land. 

He  was  United  States  Minister  to  England  from 
1785  to  1788,  and  Vice-President  during  both  the 
terms  of  Washington.  During  these  years,  as 
presiding  officer  of  the  Senate,  he  gave  no  less 
than  twenty  casting  votes,  all  of  them  on  ques- 
tions of  great  importance,  and  all  supporting  the 
policy  of  the  President.  Mr.  Adams  was  himself 
inaugurated  President  on  the  4th  of  March,  1797, 
having  been  elected  over  Jefferson  by  a  small 
majority.  Thomas  Pinckney  was  nominated  for 
the  Vice-Presidency  with  him,  they  representing 
the  Federal  party,  but  in  the  Electoral  College 
Thomas  Jefferson  received  the  choice  and  became 
Vice-President.  He  retained  as  his  Cabinet  the 
officers  previously  chosen  by  Washington. 

He  came  into  office  at  a  critical  period.  The 
conduct  of  the  French  Directory,  in  refusing  to 
receive  our  ambassadors,  and  in  trying  to  injure 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

our  commerce  by  unjust  decrees,  excited  intense 
ill-feeling,  and  finally  led  to  what  is  known  as  "the 
Quasi  War  "  with  France.  Congress  now  passed 
the  so-called  "Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,"  by  which 
extraordinary  and,  it  is  alleged,  unconstitutional 
powers  were  conferred  upon  the  President. 
Though  the  apprehended  war  was  averted,  the 
odium  of  these  laws  effectually  destroyed  the  pop- 
ularity of  Adams,  who,  on  running  for  a  second 
term,  was  defeated  by  Mr.  Jefferson,  representing 
the  Republicans,  who  were  the  Democratic  party 
of  that  day.  On  the  4th  of  March,  1801,  he  re- 
tired to  private  life  on  his  farm  near  Quincy.  His 
course  as  President  had  brought  upon  him  the 
reproaches  of  both  parties,  and  his  days  were 
ended  in  comparative  obscurity  and  neglect.  He 
lived  to  see  his  son,  John  Quincy  Adams,  in  the 
Presidential  chair. 

By  a  singular  coincidence,  the  death  of  Mr. 
Adams  and  that  of  his  old  political  rival,  Jefferson, 
took  place  on  the  same  day,  and  almost  at  the 
same  hour.  Stranger  still,  it  was  on  July  the  4th, 
1826,  whilst  bells  were  ringing  and  cannon  roar- 
ing to  celebrate  the  fiftieth  Anniversary  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  their  own  immortal 
production,  that  these  two  men  passed  away. 
Mr.  Adams  was  asked  if  he  knew  what  day  it  was. 
"Oh  lyes!"  he  exclaimed,  "It  is  the  Fourth  of 
July.  God  bless  it!  God  bless  you  all !  It  is  a 
great  and  glorious  day!"  and  soon  after  quietly 
expired,  in  the  ninety-first  year  of  his  age. 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 

Mr.  Adams  possessed  a  vigorous  and  polished 
intellect,  and  was  one  of  the  most  upright  of  men. 
His  character  was  one  to  command  respect,  rather 
than  to  win  affection.  There  was  a  certain  lack 
of  warmth  in  his  stately  courtesy  which  seemed 
to  forbid  approach.  Yet  nobody,  we  are  told, 
could  know  him  intimately  without  admiring  the 
simplicity  and  truth  which  shone  in  all  his  actions. 


THOMAS   JEFFERSON. 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON,  who  succeeded 
Adams  as  President,  was  born  at  Shadwell, 
Albermarle  County,  Va.,  April  26.,  1743. 
Peter  Jefferson,  his  father,  was  a  man  of  great 
force  of  character  and  of  remarkably  powerful 
physique.  His  mother,  Jane  Randolph,  was  from 
a  most  respectable  English  family.  He  was  the 
eldest  of  eight  children.  He  became  a  classical 
student  when  a  mere  boy,  and  entered  college  in 
an  advanced  class  when  but  seventeen  years  of 
age.  Having  passed  through  college,  he  studied 
law  under  Judge  Wythe,  and  in  1767  commenced 
practice.  In  1 769,  he  was  elected  to  the  Virginia 
Legislature.  Three  years  later,  he  married  Mrs. 
Martha  Skelton,  a  rich,  handsome,  and  accom- 
plished young  widow,  with  whom  he  went  to  reside 
in  his  new  mansion  at  Monticello,  near  to  the  spot 
where  he  was  born.  His  practice  at  the  bar  grew 


406  OUR  FORMEK  PRESIDENTS. 

rapidly  and  became  very  lucrative,  and  he  early 
engaged  in  the  political  affairs  of  his  Qwn  State. 
For  years  the  breach  between  England  and  her 
Colonies  had  been  rapidly  widening.  Jefferson 
earnestly  advocated  the  right  of  the  latter  to  local 
self-government,  and  wrote  a  pamphlet  on  the 
subject  which  attracted  much  attention  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic.  By  the  spring  of  1775  the 
Colonies  were  in  revolt.  We  now  find  Jefferson 
in  the  Continental  Congress — the  youngest  mem- 
ber save  one.  His  arrival  had  been  anxiously 
awaited.  He  had  the  reputation  "  of  a  matchless 
pen."  Though  silent  on  the  floor,  in  committee 
"  he  was  prompt,  frank,  explicit,  and  decisive," 
Early  in  June,  1776,  a  committee,  with  Jefferson 
as  chairman,  was  appointed  to  draw  up  a  "  Decla- 
ration of  Independence."  Unanimously  urged  by 
his  associates  to  write  it,  he  did  so,  Franklin  and 
Adams,  only,  making  a  few  verbal  alterations. 
Jefferson  has  been  charged  with  plagiarism  in  the 
composition  of  this  ever-memorable  paper.  Vol- 
umes have  been  written  on  the  subject;  but  those 
who  have  investigated  the  closest,  declare  that 
the  Mecklenburg  Declaration,  from  which  he  was 
charged  with  plagiarism,  was  not  then  in  existence. 
Jefferson  distinctly  denies  having  seen  it.  Prob- 
ably, in  preparing  it,  he  used  many  of  the  popular 
phrases  of  the  time  ;  and  hence  it  was  that  it 
seized  so  quickly  and  so  irresistibly  upon  the 
public  heart.  It  was  the  crystallized  expression 


~^mk . 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON: 

of  the  spirit  of  the  age.  Edward  Everett  pro- 
nounced this  Declaration  "  equal  to  anything  ever 
born  on  parchment  or  expressed  in  the  visible 
signs  of  thought."  Bancroft  declares,  "  The  heart 
of  Jefferson  in  writing  it,  and  of  Congress  in 
adopting  it,  beat  for  all  humanity." 

Chosen  a  second  time  to  Congress,  Jefferson 
declined  the  appointment,  in  order  that  he  might 
labor  in  re-organizing  Virginia.  He  therefore 
accepted  a  seat  in  the  Legislature,  where  he 
zealously  applied  himself  to  revising  the  funda- 
mental laws  of  the  State.  The  abolition  of  primo- 
geniture and  the  Church  establishment  was  the 
result  of  his  labors,  and  he  was  justly  proud  of 
it.  No  more  important  advance  could  have  been 
made.  It  was  a  step  from  middle-age  darkness 
into  the  broad  light  of  modern  civilization. 

In  1778,  Jefferson  procured  the  passage  of  a 
law  prohibiting  the  further  importation  of  slaves. 
The  following  year  he  was  elected  Governor, 
succeeding  Patrick  Henry  in  this  honorable  posi- 
tion, and  at  the  close  of  his  official  term  he  again 
sought  the  retirement  of  Monticello.  In  1782, 
shortly  after  the  death  of  his  beloved  wife,  he  was 
summoned  to  act  as  one  of  the  Commissioners  to 
negotiate  peace  with  England.  He  was  not 
required  to  sail,  however ;  but,  taking  a  seat  in 
Congress,  during  the  winter  of  1 783,  he,  who  had 
drawn  up  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  was 
the  first  to  officially  announce  its  final  triumph. 


4 IO  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

At  the  next  session  of  Congress,  he  secured  the 
adoption  of  our  present  admirable  system  of  coin- 
age. As  chairman  of  a  committee  to  draft  rules 
for  the  government  of  our  Northwest  Territory 
he  endeavored,  but  without  success,  to  secure  the 
prohibition  of  slavery  therefrom  forever.  In  May, 
1 784,  he  was  sent  to  Europe,  to  assist  Adams  and 
Franklin  in  negotiating  treaties  of  commerce  with 
foreign  nations.  Returning  home  in  1789,  he 
received  from  Washington  the  appointment  of 
Secretary  of  State,  which  office  he  resigned  in  1 793. 
He  withdrew,  says  Marshall,  "  at  a  time  when  he 
stood  particularly  high  in  the  esteem  of  his  coun- 
trymen." His  friendship  for  France,  and  his  dis- 
like of  England ;  his  warm  opposition  to  the 
aggrandizement  of  the  central  power  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  his  earnest  advocacy  of  every  mea- 
sure tending  to  enlarge  popular  freedom,  had  won 
for  him  a  large  following,  and  he  now  stood  the 
acknowledged  leader  of  the  great  and  growing 
Anti-federal  party. 

Washington  declining  a  third  term,  Adams,  as 
we  have  already  seen,  succeeded  him,  Jefferson 
becoming  Vice-President.  At  the  next  election, 
Jefferson  and  Burr,  the  Republican  candidates, 
stood  highest  on  the  list.  By  the  election  law  of 
that  period,  he  who  had  the  greatest  number  of 
votes  was  to  be  President,  while  the  Vice-Presi- 
dency fell  to  the  next  highest  candidate.  Jeffer- 
son and  Burr  having  an  equal  number  of  votes, 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON.  *  T  „ 

it  remained  for  the  House  of  Representatives  to 
decide  which  should  be  President.  After  a  long 
and  heated  canvass,  Jefferson  was  chosen  on  the 
thirty-sixth  ballot.  He  was  inaugurated,  on  the 
4th  of  March,  1801,  at  Washington,  whither  the 
Capitol  had  been  removed  a  few  months  pre- 
viously. In  1804,  he  was  re-elected  by  an  over- 
whelming majority.  At  the  close  of  his  second 
term,  he  retired  once  more  to  the  quiet  of  Monti- 
cello. 

The  most  important  public  measure  of  Jeffer- 
son's Administration,  to  the  success  of  which  he 
directed  his  strongest  endeavors,  was  the  pur- 
chase from  France,  for  the  insignificant  sum  of 
$15,000,000,  of  the  immense  Territory  of  Louisi- 
ana. It  was  during  his  Administration,  too,  that 
the  conspiracy  of  Burr  was  discovered,  and 
thwarted  by  the  prompt  and  decisive  action  of  the 
President.  Burr's  scheme  was  a  mad  one — to 
break  up  the  Union,  and  erect  a  new  empire,  with 
Mexico  as  its  seat.  Jefferson  is  regarded  as  hav- 
ing initiated  the  custom  of  removing  incumbents 
from  office  on  political  grounds  alone. 

From  the  retirement  into  which  he  withdrew  at 
the  end  of  his  second  term,  Jefferson  never 
emerged.  His  time  was  actively  employed  in 
the  management  of  his  property  and  in  his  exten- 
sive correspondence.  In  establishing-  a  Univer- 
sity at  Charlottesville,  Jefferson  took  a  deep  in- 
terest, devoting  to  it  much  of  his  time  and  means. 


4!  4  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

He  was  proud  of  his  work,  and  directed  that  the 
words  "  Father  of  the  University  of  Virginia " 
should  be  inscribed  upon  his  tomb.  He  died, 
shortly  after  mid-day,  on  the  Fourth  of  July, 
1826,  a  few  hours  before  his  venerable  friend  and 
compatriot,  Adams. 

Jefferson  was  the  very  embodiment  of  the 
democracy  he  sought  to  make  the  distinctive  feat- 
ure of  his  party.  All  titles  were  distasteful  to 
him,  even  the  prefix  Mr.  His  garb  and  manners 
were  such  that  the  humblest  farmer  was  at  home 
in  his  society.  He  declared  that  in  view  of  the 
existence  of  slavery  he  "trembled  for  his  coun- 
try when  he  remembered  that  God  is  just."  He 
was  of  splendid  physique,  being  six  feet  two  and 
a  half  inches  in  height,  but  well  built  and  sinewy. 
His  hair  was  of  a  reddish  brown,  his  countenance 
ruddy,  his  eyes  light  hazel.  Both  he  and  his  wife 
were  wealthy,  but  they  spent  freely  and  died  in- 
solvent, leaving  but  one  daughter. 

His  moral  character  was  of  the  highest  order. 
Profanity  he  could  not  endure,  either  in  himself 
or  others.  He  never  touched  cards,  or  strong 
drink  in  any  form-.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
generous  of  men,  lavishly  hospitable,  and  in 
everything  a  thorough  gentleman.  Gifted  with 
an  intellect  far  above  the  average,  he  had  added 
to  it  a  surprising  culture,  which  ranked  him 
among  our  most  accomplished  scholars.  To 
his  extended  learning,  to  his  ardent  love  of  lib- 


JAMES  MADISON. 

erty,  and  to  his  broad  and  tolerant  views,  is  due 
much,  very  much,  of  whatever  is  admirable  in  our 
institutions.  In  them  we  discern  everywhere 
traces  of  his  master  spirit. 


JAMES  MADISON. 

WHEN  Mr.  Jefferson  retired  from  the 
Presidency,  the  country  was  almost  on 
the  verge  of  war  with  Great  Britain. 
Disputes  had  arisen  in  regard  to  certain  restric- 
tions laid  by  England  upon  our  commerce.  A 
hot  discussion  also  came  up  about  the  right 
claimed  and  exercised  by  the  commanders  of 
English,  war-vessels,  of  searching  American  ships 
and  of  taking  from  them  such  seamen  as  they 
might  choose  to  consider  natives  of  Great  Britain. 
Many  and  terrible  wrongs  had  been  perpetrated 
in  the  exercise  of  this  alleged  right.  Hundreds 
of  American  citizens  had  been  ruthlessly  forced 
into  the  British  service. 

It  was  when  the  public  mind  was  agitated  by 
such  outrages,  that  James  Madison,  the  fourth 
President  of  the  United  States,  was  inaugurated. 
When  he  took  his  seat,  on  the  4th  of  March, 
1809,  he  lacked  but  a  few  days  of  being  fifty-eight 
years  of  age,  having  been  born  on  the  I5th  of 
March,  1751.  His  father  was  Colonel  James 
Madison,  his  mother  Nellie  Conway.  He  gradu- 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

ated  at  Princeton  College,  New  Jersey,  in  1771, 
after  which  he  studied  law. 

In  his  twenty-sixth  year  he  had  been  .a  member 
of  the  Convention  which  framed  the  Constitution 
of  Virginia ;  in  1 780  had  been  elected  to  the 
Continental  Congress,  in  which  he  at  once  took  a 
commanding  position  ;  had  subsequently  entered 
the  Virginia  Legislature,  where  he  co-operated 
with  his  friend  and  neighbor,  Jefferson,  in  the  ab- 
rogation of  entail  and  primogeniture,  and  in  the 
establishment  of  religious  freedom ;  had  drawn 
up  the  call  in  answer  to  which  the  Convention  to 
Draught  a  Constitution  for  the  United  States  met 
at  Philadelphia  in  1787,  and  had  been  one  of  the 
most  active  members  of  that  memorable  assem- 
blage in  reconciling  the  discordant  elements  of 

o  o 

which  it  was  composed.  He  had  also  labored 
earnestly  to  secure  the  adoption  of  the  new  Con- 
stitution by  his  native  State ;  had  afterward  en- 
tered Congress ;  and  when  Jefferson  became 
President,  in  March,  1801,  had  been  by  him  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  State,  a  post  he  had  declined 
when  it  was  vacated  by  Jefferson  in  December, 
1793.  In  this  important  post  for  eight  years,  he 
won  the  highest  esteem  and  confidence  of  the 

£> 

nation.  Having  been  nominated  by  the  Repub- 
licans, he  was  in  1808  elected  to  the  Presidency, 
receiving  one  hundred  and  twenty-two  electoral 
votes,  while  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  the  Federal  can- 
didate, received  but  forty-seven. 


THE  FAMOUS  EAST  ROOM  OF  THE  WHITE  HOUSE. 


THE  WHITE  HOUSE— HOME  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS. 


JAMES  MADISON.  ,j~ 

In  1794,  he  married  Mrs.  Dorothy  Todd,  a 
young  widow  lady,  whose  bright  intelligence  and 
fascinating  manners  were  to  gain  her  celebrity  as 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  women  who  ever 
presided  over  the  domestic  arrangements  of  the 
Presidential  Mansion. 

Of  a  weak  and  delicate  constitution,  and  with 
the  habits  of  a  student,  Mr.  Madison  would  have 
preferred  peace  to  war.  But  even  he  lost  patience 
at  the  insults  heaped  upon  the  young  Republic  by 
it  ancient  mother ;  and  when,  at  length,  on  the 
1 8th  of  June,  1812,  Congress  declared  war  against 
Great  Britain,  he  gave  the  declaration  his  official 
sanction,  and  took  active  steps  to  enforce  it. 
Though  disasters  in  the  early  part  of  the  war 
greatly  strengthened  the  Federal  party,  who  were 
bitterly  opposed  to  hostilities,  the  ensuing  Presi- 
dential canvass  resulted  in  the  re-election  of  Mr. 
Madison  by  a  large  majority,  his  competitor,  De 
Witt  Clinton,  receiving  eighty-nine  electoral  votes 
to  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  for  Madison. 
On  the  I2th  of  August,  1814,  a  British  army  took 
Washington,  the  President  himself  narrowly  esca- 
ping capture.  The  Presidential  Mansion,  the  Cap- 
itol, and  all  the  public  buildings  were  wantonly 
burned.  The  1 4th  of  December  following,  a  treaty 
of  peace  was  signed  at  Ghent,  in  which,  however, 
England  did  not  relinquish  her  claim  to  the  right 
of  search.  But  as  she  has  not  since  attempted  to 
exercise  it,  the  question  may  be  regarded  as  hav- 
ing been  finally  settled  by  the  contest. 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1817,  Madison's  second 
term  having  expired,  he  withdrew  to  private  life 
at  his  paternal  home  of  Montpelier,  Orange  County, 
Va.  Durino-  his  administration,  two  new  States 

O 

had  been  added  to  the  Union,  making  the  total 
number  at  this  period  nineteen.  The  first  to 
claim  admittance  was  Louisiana,  in  1812.  It  was 
formed  out  of  the  Southern  portion  .  of  the  vast 
Territory,  purchased,  during  the  Presidency  of 
Jefferson,  from  France.  Indiana — the  second 
State — was  admitted  in  1816. 

After  his  retirement  from  office,  Mr.  Madison 
passed  nearly  a  score  of  quiet  years  at  Montpe- 
lier. With  Jefferson,  who  was  a  not  very  distant 
neighbor,  he  co-operated  in  placing  the  Charlottes- 
ville  University  upon  a  substantial  foundation.  In 
1829,  he  left  his  privacy  to  take  part  in  the  Con- 
vention which  met  at  Richmond  to  revise  the 
Constitution  of  the  State.  His  death  took  place 
on  the  28th  of  June,  1836,  in  the  eighty-fifth  year 
of  his  age. 


JAMES   MONROE. 

MADISON'S  successor  in  the  Presidential 
chair  was  James  Monroe,  whose  Admin- 
istration  has  been  called  "  the  Era  of 
Good  Feeling,"  from  the  temporary  subsidence  at 
that  time  of  party  strife.     He  was  a  son  of  Sperice 
Monroe,  a  planter.     He  was  born  on  his  father's 


JAMES  MONROE.  .  T  Q 

plantation  in  Westmoreland  County,  Va.,  on  the 
28th  of  April,  1758.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
entered  William  and  Mary  College;  but  when, 
two  years  later,  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
called  the  Colonies  to  arms,  the  young  collegian, 
dropping  his  books,  girded  on  his  sword,  and  en- 
tered the  service  of  his  country.  Commissioned 
a  lieutenant,  he  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Harlem 
Heights  and  White  Plains.  In  the  attack  on 

O 

Trenton  he  was  wounded  in  the  shoulder,  and  for 
his  bravery  promoted  to  a  captaincy.  Subse- 
quently he  was  attached  to  the  staff  of  Lord  Ster- 
ling with  the  rank  of  major,  and  fought  by  the 
side  of  Lafayette,  when  that  officer  was  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  and  also  participated 
in  the  battles  of  Germantown  and  Monmouth. 
He  was  afterward  given  a  colonel's  commission, 
but,  being  unable  to  recruit  a  regiment,  began  the 
study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Jefferson,  then  Gover- 
nor of  Virginia. 

When  only  about  twenty-three  years  old,  he 
was  elected  to  the  Virginia  Legislature.  The  next 
year  he  was  sent  to  Congress.  On  the  expiration 
of  his  term,  having  meanwhile  married,  in  New 
York,  Miss  Kortright,  a  young  lady  of  great 
intelligence  and  rare  personal  attractions,  he  re- 
turned to  Fredericksburg,  and  commenced  prac- 
tice as  a  lawyer.  He  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Anti-Federal  or  Republican  party,  being  thor- 
oughly democratic  in  his  ideas,  as  was  his  eminent 


420  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

preceptor,  Jefferson.  In  1 789,  he  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate.  In  1 794,  he  was  ap- 
pointed minister-plenipotentiary  to  France,  but 
recalled  from  his  mission  two  years  later  because 
of  his  'outspoken  sympathies  with  the  republicans 
of  that  country. 

Shortly  after  his  return,  Monroe  was  elected 
Governor  of  Virginia,  which  post  he  held  for  three 
years  (1799-1802).  On  the  expiration  of  his 
official  term,  he  was  sent  to  co-operate  with  Ed- 
ward Livingston,  then  resident  Minister  at  Paris, 
in  negotiating  the  treaty  by  which  the  Territory  of 
Louisiana  was  secured  to  the  United  States.  In 
1811,  he  was  again  elected  Governor  of  Virginia, 
but  presently  resigned  to  become  Madison's  Sec- 
retary of  State. 

During  the  period  following  the  capture  of 
Washington,  September,  i8i4-March,  1815,  he 
acted  as  Secretary  of  War,  and  did  much  to  restore 
the  nation's  power  and  credit.  He  continued 
Secretary  of  State  until  March,  1817,  when  he 
became  President.  He  was  chosen  by  the  Dem- 
ocratic party,  till  then  known  as  the  Republican. 
He  received  one  hundred  and  eighty-three  elec- 
toral votes,  his  opponent,  Rufus  King,  receiving 
but  thirty-four  votes.  The  violence  of  party  spirit 
greatly  abated  during  his  first  term,  and  he  was 
re-elected  in  1821,  with  but  one  dissenting  vote 
out  of  the  two  hundred  and  thirty-two  cast  by  the 
electoral  college.  On  the  4th  of  March,  1825,  he 


-  JAMES  MONROE.  *2  j 

retired  to  the  quiet  and  seclusion  of  his  estate  at 
Oak  Hill,  in  Loudon  County,  Virginia. 

During  Monroe's  Administration,  the  bound- 
aries of  the  United  States  were  considerably 
enlarged  by  the  purchase  of  Florida  from  Spain. 
Five  new  States  were  also  admitted  into  the 
Union:  Mississippi,  in  1817;  Illinois,  in  1818; 
Alabama,  in  1819;  Maine,  in  1820;  and  Missouri, 
in  1821. 

The  discussion  in  Congress  over  the  admission 
of  Missouri  showed  the  existence  of  a  new  dis- 
turbing element  in  our  national  politics.  It  was 
the  question  of  the  further  extension  of  slavery ; 
not  so  much  in  regard  to  its  moral  aspects  as  to 
its  bearing  on  the  question  of  the  balance  of  polit- 
ical power.  For  a  brief  period  two  parties,  one 
in  favor  of  and  the  other  against  admitting  any 
more  Slave  States,  filled  Congress  and  the  country 
with  angry  discussion.  This  was  quieted  for  the 
time  by  what  is  known  as  "  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise," which  restricted  slavery  to  the  territory 
lying  south  of  the  southern  boundary  of  Missouri. 

The  somewhat  celebrated  "  Monroe  Doctrine  " 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important  results 
of  Monroe's  Administration.  It  was  enunciated 
in  his  message  to  Congress  on  the  2d  of  Decem- 
ber, 1823,  and  arose  out  of  his  sympathy  for  the 
new  Republics  then  recently  set  up  in  South 
America.  In  substance  it  was,  that  the  United 
States  would  never  entangle  themselves  with  the 


422 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 


quarrels  of  Europe,  nor  allow  Europe  to  interfere 
with  the  affairs  of  this  continent. 

In  1830,  the  venerable  ex-President  went  to 
reside  with  his  son-in-law,  Samuel  L.  Gouverneur, 
in  New  York,  where  he  died  in  the  seventy-fourth 
year  of  his  age,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1831,  being  the 
third  of  our  five  Revolutionary  Presidents  to  pass 
from  earth  on  the  anniversary  of  that  memorable 
day,  which  had  contributed  so  largely  to  the 
shaping  of  their  destinies. 


JOHN   QUINCY   ADAMS, 

THE  son  of  John  Adams,  our  second  Presi- 
dent, and  himself  the  sixth  chief  executive 
of  the  Union,  was  born  at  Quincy,  Mass., 
on  the  nth  of  July,  1767.  He  enjoyed  rare 
opportunities  for  culture  from  his  mother,  who 
was  a  lady  of  very  superior  talents.  While  yet  a 
mere  boy,  he  twice  accompanied  his  father  to 
Europe,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  was  appointed 
private  secretary  to  Francis  Dana,  then  Minister 
to  Russia.  Graduating  from  Harvard  in  1788,  he 
studied  law  under  Theophilus  Parsons,  and  com- 
menced practice  in  Boston  in  1791.  In  1794,  he 
was  appointed  by  Washington  Minister  to  Holland. 
In  July,  1797,  he  married  Louisa,  daughter  of 
Joshua  Johnson,  then  American  Consul  at  London. 
In  1797,  his  father,  who  was  then  President,  gave 
him  the  mission  to  Berlin,  being  urged  to  this 


JOHN  Q  UINC  Y  AX>AMS. 

recognition  of  his  own  son  by  Washington,  who 
pronounced  the  younger  Adams  "  the  most  valu- 
able public  character  we  have  abroad." 

On  the  accession  of  Jefferson  to  the  Presidency, 
Mr.  Adams  was  recalled  from  Berlin.  Soon  after 
his  return,  however,  he  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  where  he  speedily  won  a  command- 
ing position,  ardently  supporting  Jefferson's  mea- 
sures of  resistance  against  the  arrogance  and 
insolence  of  England  in  her  encroachments  upon 
our  commerce  and  in  her  impressment  of  our 
seamen.  The  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  having 
censured  hkn  for  his  course,  Adams  resigned  his 
seat;  but,  in  1809,  was  selected  by  Madison  to 
represent  the  United  States  at  St.  Petersburg. 
On  the  24th  of  December,  1814,  he,  in  conjunction 
with  Clay  and  Gallatin,  concluded  the  Treaty  of 
Ghent,  which  closed  "  the  Second  War  of  Inde- 
pendence." In  1817,  he  was  recalled  to  act  as 
Secretary  of  State  for  President  Monroe. 

At  the  election  for  Monroe's  successor,  in  1824, 
party  spirit  ran  high.  The  contest  was  an  excit- 
ing one.  Of  the  two  hundred  and  sixty  electoral 
votes,  Andrew  Jackson  received  99,  John  Quincy 
Adams  84,  Wm.  H.  Crawford  41,  and  Henry 
Clay  37.  As  there  was  no  choice  by  the  people, 
the  election  devolved  upon  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. Here  Mr.  Clay  gave  the  vote  of 
Kentucky  to  Adam-,  and  otherwise  promoted  his 
cause,  so  that  he  received  the  votes  of  thirteen 
States,  and  was  elected. 


424  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

The  Administration  of  the  younger  Adams  has 
been  characterized  as  the  purest  and  most 
economical  on  record.  Yet,  during  his  entire 
term,  he  was  the  object  of  the  most  rancorous  parti- 
san assaults.  He  had  appointed  Clay  as  his  Sec- 
retary of  State,  whereat  the  Jackson  men  accused 
them  both  of  "  bargaining  and  corruption,"  and  in 
all  ways  disparaged  and  condemned  their  work. 
In  his  official  intercourse,  it  was  said  Adams  often 
displayed  "  a  formal  coldness  which  froze  like  an 
iceberg."  This  coldness  of  manner,  along  with 
his  advocacy  of  a  high  protective  tariff  and  the 
policy  of  internal  improvements,  and  his  known 
hostility  to  slavery,  made  him  many  bitter  enemies, 
especially  in  the  South,  and  at  the  close  of  his 
first  term  he  was  probably  the  most  unpopular 
man  who  could  have  aspired  to  the  Presidency ; 
and  yet,  in  his  contest  with  Jackson  at  that  time, 
Adams  received  eighty-three  electoral  votes,  Jack- 
son being  chosen  by  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
eight. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1829,  General  Jackson 
having  been  elected  President,  Mr.  Adams  re- 
tired to  private  life;  but,  in  1831,  was  elected  to 
the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States,  where  he  took  his  seat,  pledged,  as  he  said, 
to  no  party.  He  at  once  became  the  leader  of 
that  little  band,  so  insignificant  in  numbers,  but 
powerful  in  determination  and  courage,  who,  re- 
garding slavery  as  both  a  moral  and  a  political 


FRANKLIN  PIERCE. 

elected  to  the  National  Senate  and,  during  the 
following  year,  removed  to  Concord,  where  he  at 
once  took  rank  among  the  leading  lawyers  of  the 
State. 

Though  Mr.  Pierce  had  declined  the  office  of 
Attorney-General  of  the  United  States,  offered 
to  him  by  President  Polk,  he,  nevertheless,  when 
hostilities  were  declared  against  Mexico,  accepted 
a  brigadier-generalship  in  the  army,  successfully 
marching  with  twenty-four  hundred  men  from  the 
sea-coast  to  Puebla,  where  he  reinforced  General 
Scott.  The  latter,  on  the  arrival  of  Pierce,  imme- 
diately prepared  to  make  his  long-contemplated 
attack  upon  the  City  of  Mexico.  At  the  battle  of 
Contreras,  on  the  igth  of  August,  1847,  where  he 
led  an  assaulting  column  four  thousand  strong, 
General  Pierce  showed  himself  to  be  a  brave  and 
energetic  soldier.  Early  in  the  fight  his  leg  was 
broken  by  his  horse  falling  upon  him,  yet  he  kept 
his  saddle  during  the  entire  conflict,  which  did  not 
cease  till  eleven  o'clock  at  night.  The  next  day 
also,  he  took  part  in  the  still  more  desperate  fight 
at  Churubusco,  where,  overcome  by  pain  and 
exhaustion,  he  fainted  on  the  field.  At  Molino 
Del  Rev,  where  the  hottest  battle  of  the  war  was 
fought,  he  narrowly  escaped  death  from  a  shell 
which  bursted  beneath  his  horse. 

The  American  army  triumphantly  entered  the 
City  of  Mexico  on  the  I3th  of  September,  1847. 
General  Pierce  remained  there  until  the  following 


462 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 


JAMES   BUCHANAN, 


FIFTEENTH  President  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Pa.,  April 
'  22d,  1791.  His  father,  a  native  of  the 
North  of  Ireland,  who  had  come  eight  years  before 
to  America,  with  no  capital  but  his  strong  arms 
and  •  energetic  spirit,  was  yet  able  to  give  the 
bright  and  studious  boy  a  good  collegiate  educa- 
tion at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  where  he 
graduated  in  1809.  He  then  began  the  study  of 
law  at  Lancaster,  and,  after  a  three  years'  course, 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  1812.  He  rose  rap- 
idly in  his  profession,  the  business  of  which  in- 
creased with  his  reputation,  so  that,  at  the  age  of 
forty,  he  was  enabled  to  retire  with  an  ample 
fortune. 

Mr.  Buchanan  early  entered  into  politics. 
When  but  twenty-three  years  old,  he  was  elected 
to  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania.  Though  an 
avowed  Federalist,  he  not  only  spoke  in  favor  of 
a  vigorous  prosecution  of  the  War  of  1812,  but 
likewise  marched  as  a  private  soldier  to  the  de- 
fense of  Baltimore.  In  1820,  he  was  elected  to 
the  lower  House  of  Congress,  where  he  speedily 
attained  eminence  as  a  finished  and  energetic 
speaker.  His  political  views  are  shown  in  the 
following  extract  from  one  of  his  speeches  in 
Congress :  "  If  I  know  myself,  I  am  a  politician 


JAMES  BUCHANAN. 

neither  of  the  West  nor  the  East,  of  the  North  nor 
of  the  South.  I  therefore  shall  forever  avoid  any 
expressions  the  direct  tendency  of  which  must  be 
to  create  sectional  jealousies,  and  at  length  dis- 
union— that  worst  of  all  political  calamities." 
That  he  sincerely  endeavored  in  his  future  career 
to  act  in  accordance  with  the  principles  here 
enunciated  no  candid  mind  can  doubt,  however 
much  he  may  be  regarded  to  have  failed  in  doing 
so,  especially  during  the  eventful  last  months  of 
his  Administration. 

In  1831,  at  the  close  of  his  fifth  term,  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan, having  declined  a  re-election  to  Congress, 
was  sent  as  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, where  he  concluded  the  first  commercial 
treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Russia. 
On  his  return  home  in  1833,  he  was  elected  to 
the  National  Senate.  Here  he  became  one  of 
the  leading  spirits  among  the  supporters  of  Presi- 
dent Jackson,  and  also  supported  the  Administra- 
tion of  Martin  Van  Buren.  He  was  re-elected 
to  the  Senate,  and  his  last  act  as  a  Senator  was 
to  report  favorably  on  the  admission  of  Texas, 
he  being  the  only  member  of  the  Committee  on 
Foreign  Relations  to  do  so. 

On  the  election  of  Polk  to  the  Presidency,  in 
1845,  Mr.  Buchanan  was  selected  to  fill  the  im- 
portant position  of  Secretary  of  State.  He 
strongly  opposed  the  "  Wilmot  Proviso,"  and  all 
other  provisions  for  the  restriction  of  slavery. 


466  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

so  soon  after  this  event,  added  strength  to  their 
apprehensions.  As  soon  as  the  result  of  the 
canvass  became  known,  South  Carolina  seceded 
from  the  Union,  Mr.  Buchanan,  apparently  re- 
garding the  fears  and  complaints  of  the  South 
as  not  without  some  just  grounds,  seems  to  have 
endeavored  to  bring  about  a  peaceful  solution  of 
the  difficulties  before  him  by  attempts  at  concilia- 
tion. But  however  good  his  intentions  may  have 
been,  his  policy,  which  has  been  characterized  as 
weak,  vacillating,  and  cowardly,  so  signally  failed, 
that  when,  on  the  4th  of  March,  1861,  he  retired 
from  the  Presidency,  he  handed  over  to  his  suc- 
cessor an  almost  hopelessly  divided  Union,  from 
which  seven  States  had  already  seceded. 

Mr.  Buchanan  also  used  his  influence  for  the 
purchase  of  Cuba  as  a  means  of  extending  slave 
territory.  He  permitted  the  seizure  of  Southern 
forts  and  arsenals,  and  the  removal  of  muskets 
from  Northern  to  Southern  armories  as  the  seces- 
sion movements  matured,  and  in  his  message  of 
December,  1860,  he  directly  cast  upon  the  North 
the  blame  of  the  disrupted  Union. 

Remaining  in  Washington  lonof  enough  to  wit- 

Z5  o  O  o 

ness  the  installation  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  Mr.  Buch- 
anan withdrew  to  the  privacy  of  Wheatland,  his 
country  home,  near  Lancaster,  in  Pennsylvania. 
Here  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days,  taking 
no  prominent  part  in  public  affairs.  In  1866,  he 
published  a  volume  entitled,  Mr.  Buchanans 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN: 

Administration,  in  which  he  explained  and  de- 
fended the  policy  he  had  pursued  while  in  the 
Presidential  office.  He  never  married.  His  death 
occurred  at  his  mansion  at  VVheatland,  on  the  ist 
of  June,  1868. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN, 

SIXTEENTH  President  of  the  Union,  was 
born  in  Hardin  County,  Kentucky,  on  the 
1 2th  of  February,  1809.  His  parents  were 
extremely  poor,  and  could  give  him  but  scant 
opportunities  of  education.  It  is  supposed  that 
his  ancestors  came  to  this  country  from  England 
among  the  original  followers  of  William  Penn. 
About  the  middle  of  the  last  century  they  lived  in 
Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  whence  one  branch 
of  the  family  moved  to  Virginia.  The  subject  of 
this  sketch  was  taught  to  read  and  write  by  his 
mother,  a  woman  of  intelligence  far  above  her 

o 

humble  station.  When  he  was  in  his  eighth  year, 
the  family  removed  to  the  then  wilderness  of 
Spencer  County,  Indiana,  where,  in  the  course  of 
three  or  four  years,  the  boy  Abraham,  who  was 
quick  and  eager  to  learn,  had  a  chance  to  acquire 
the  rudiments  of  the  more  ordinary  branches  of 
such  a  common-school  education  as  was  to  be 
obtained  in  that  rude  frontier  district;  but  his 
mother  died  when  he  was  about  eleven  years  old, 


468  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

which  was  to  him  a  sad  loss.     At  the  a<je  of  nine- 

o 

teen,  he  set  out  in  a  flat-boat,  containing  a  cargo 
of  considerable  value,  o'n  a  voyage  to  New  Or- 
leans. While  passing  down  the  Mississippi,  they 
were  attacked  by  a  thieving  band  of  negroes,  but 
they  courageously  beat  off  the  robbers,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  reaching  their  destination  safely. 

In  1830,  Lincoln's  father  removed  to  Decatur 
County,  Illinois.  Here  Abraham  assisted  in  estab- 
lishing the  new  home.  It  was  on  this  occasion 
that  he  split  the  famous  rails  from  which,  years 
after,  he  received  his  name  of  "the  rail-splitter." 
During  the  severe  winter  which  followed,  by  his 
exertions  and  skill  as  a  hunter,  he  contributed 
greatly  in  keeping  the  family  from  starvation. 
The  next  two  years  he  passed  through  as  a  farm- 
hand and  as  a  clerk  in  a  country  store.  In  the 
Black-Hawk  War,  which  broke  out  in  1832,  he 
served  creditably  as  a  volunteer,  and  on  his  re- 
turn home  ran  for  the  Legislature,  but  was  de- 
feated. He  next  tried  store-keeping,  but  failed ; 
and  then,  having  learned  something  of  surveying, 
worked  two  or  three  years  quite  successfully  as  a 
surveyor  for  the  Government.  In  1834,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature,  in  which  he  did  the  ex- 

o 

tremely  unpopular  act  of  recording  his  name 
against  some  pro-slavery  legislation  of  that  body. 
He  soon  after  took  up  the  study  of  law,  being  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1837,  when  he  removed  to 
Springfield,  and  began  to  practice.  John  T.  Stuart 


BIRTH-PLACE  OF  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  ELIZABETHTOWN,  KY. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN'S  RESIDENCE  AT  SPRINGFIELD,  ILL. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  .*  j 

was  his  business  partner.  In  1842,  he  married 
Miss  Mary  Todd,  daughter  of  Robert  S.  Todd, 
Esq.,  of  Lexington,  Kentucky.  He  rose  rapidly 
in  his  profession,  to  which  having  served  a  second 
term  in  the  Legislature,  he  devoted  himself  assidu- 
ously till  1844,  during  which  year  he  canvassed 
the  State  in  behalf  of  Mr.  Clay,  the  Whig  candi- 
date for  the  Presidency.  In  1847,  he  took  his  seat 
in  the  lower  house  of  Congress,  where  he  was  the 
only  Whig  from  the  whole  State  of  Illinois.  Ser- 
ving but  a  single  term  in  Congress,  Mr.  Lincoln, 
in  1848,  canvassed  the  State  for  General  Taylor, 
and  the  following  year  was  an  unsuccessful  can- 
didate for  a  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate. 
He  now  renewed  his  'devotion  to  his  legal  pur- 
suits, yet  still  retained  a  deep  interest  in  national 
politics. 

The  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  which 
created  a  profound  sensation  throughout  the 
entire  North,  brought  about  a  complete  political 
revolution  in  Illinois,  and  the  State  went  over  to 
the  Whigs.  In  this  revolution  Mr.  Lincoln  took 
a  most  active  part,  and  gained  a  wide  reputation 
as  an  effective  stump  speaker.  In  1856,  he  was 
brought  prominently  before  the  first  Republican 
National  Convention,  and  came  very  near  being 
nominated  as  its  candidate  for  the  Vice-Presidency. 
In  1858,  as  Republican  candidate  for  United 
States  Senator,  he  canvassed  Illinois  in  opposition 
to  Judge  Douglas,  the  Democratic  nominee. 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

Douglas  was,  perhaps,  one  of  the  most  effective 
public  speakers  of  the  time,  yet  it  is  generally 
conceded  that  Lincoln,  though  he  failed  to  obtain 
the  Senatorship,  was  fully  equal  to  his  distin- 
guished and  no  doubt  more  polished  opponent. 
The  rare  versatility  and  comprehensiveness  of 
Mr.  Lincoln's  mind  found  full  illustration  in  this 


exctng  contest. 


During  the  next  eighteen  months,  Mr.  Lincoln 
visited  various  parts  of  the  country,  delivering 
speeches  of  marked  ability  and  power  ;  and  when, 
in  May,  1860,  the  Republican  National  Conven- 
tion met  at  Chicago,  he  was,  on  the  third  ballot, 
chosen  as  its  candidate  for  the  Presidency.  In 
consequence  of  a  division  in  the  Democratic  party, 
he  was  elected,  receiving  one  hundred  and  eighty 
out  of  three  hundred  and  three  electoral  votes. 
In  the  popular  vote  the  result  was  as  follows  : 
Lincoln,  1,887,610;  Douglas,  1,291,574;  Brecken- 
ridge,  Pro-slavery  Democrat,  880,082  ;  Bell,  Con- 
stitutional-Union party,  646,124:  thus  leaving 
Lincoln  in  the  minority  of  the  popular  vote  by 
nearly  a  million. 

The  election  of  Lincoln  was  at  once  made  a 
pretext  for  dissolving  the  Union.  Though  he  had 
repeatedly  declared  his  intention  not  to  interfere 
with  the  existing  institutions  of  the  South,  and  to 

o 

hold  inviolate  his  official  oath  to  maintain  the 
Constitution,  all  was  of  no  avail  to  dissuade  that 
section  from  its  predetermined  purpose.  A 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN.  *^r 

accepting  the  burden  of  cares  and  responsibilities 
so  suddenly  thrown  upon  him,  he  put  his  whole 
heart  in  the  work  before  him,  and  not  even  the 
disasters  of  1862,  that  gloomiest  year  of  the  war, 
could  for  a  moment  shake  his  confiding  spirit. 
People  were  not  wanting  who  found  fault  with  the 
buoyant  temper  he  displayed  at  that  period  ;  but 
his  apparent  cheeriness  was  of  as  much  avail  as 
our  armies  in  bringing  about  the  triumph  which 
at  last  came. 

Of  the  struggle  which  resulted  in  this  triumph 
we  shall  give  no  details,  only  referring  briefly  to 
some  of  the  more  important  actions  of  the  Presi- 
dent. The  most  momentous  of  these,  without 
doubt,  was  the  Emancipation  Proclamation,  issued 
on  the  22d  of  September,  1862,  and  to  take  effect 
on  the  ist  of  January,  1863,  by  which  slavery  was 
at  once  and  forever  done  away  with  in  the  United 
States.  In  his  message  to  Congress,  the  Presi- 

o  o 

dent  thus  explains  this  act:  "In  giving  freedom 
to  the  slave  we  assure  freedom  to  the  free,  hon- 
orable alike  in  what  we  give  and  what  we  pre- 
serve. We  shall  nobly  save,  or  meanly  lose,  the 
last,  best  hope  of  earth.  *  *  *  The  way  is 
plain,  peaceful,  glorious,  just — a  way  which,  if 
followed,  the  world  will  forever  applaud  and  God 
must  forever  bless." 

In  1864,  by  a  respectable  majority  in  the  popu- 
lar vote  and  a  large  one  in  the  electoral  college, 
Mr.  Lincoln  was  re-elected  to  the  Presidency. 


47  6  OUR  FO-RMEK  PRESIDENTS. 

At  the  period  of  his  second  inauguration,  the 
complete  triumph  of  the  Federal  authority  over 
the  seceded  States  was  assured.  The  last  battles 
of  the  war  had  been  fought.  War  had  substan- 
tially ceased.  The  President  was  looking  forward 
to  the  more  congenial  work  of  pacification.  How 
he  designed  to  carry  out  this  work  we  may  judge 
from  the  following  passage  in  his  second  inaugu- 
ral :  "  With  malice  toward  none,  with  charity 
for  all,  with  firmness  in  the  right,  as  God  gives  us 
to  see  the  right,  let  us  strive  on  to  finish  the  work 
we  are  in,  to  bind  up  the  nation's  wounds,  to  care 
for  him  who  shall  have  borne  the  battle,  and  for 
his  widow  and  his  orphans,  to  do  all  that  may 
achieve  and  cherish  a  just  and  a  lasting  peace 
among  ourselves  and  with  all  nations." 

Unfortunately,  the  kind-hearted  Lincoln  was 
not  to  carry  out  the  work  of  pacification  to  which 
he  looked  forward  with  such  bright  anticipations. 
But  a  little  more  than  a  month  after  his  second 
inauguration — on  the  night  of  the  I4th  of  April, 
1865 — John  Wilkes  Booth,  one  of  a  small  band 
of  desperate  conspirators,  as  insanely  foolish  as 
they  were  wicked,  fired  a  pistol-ball  into  the  brain 
of  the  President  as  he  sat  in  his  box  at  the  theatre. 
The  wound  proved  fatal  in  a  few  hours,  Mr.  "Lin- 
coln never  recovering  his  consciousness. 

The  excitement  which  the  assassination  of  the 
President  occasioned  was  most  intense.  The 
whole  country  was  in  tears.  Nor  was  this  grief 


LINCOLN'S  MONUMENT  IX  FATRMOUXT  PARK.  PHILADELPHIA. 


ANDREW  JOHNSON. 

confined  to  our  own  people.  England,  France, 
all  Europe,  and  even  the  far-off  countries  of  China 
and  Japan,  joined  in  the  lamentation.  Never  was 
man  more  universally  mourned,  or  more  deserv- 
ing of  such  widespread  sorrow. 

The  funeral  honors  were  grand  and  imposing. 
His  body,  having  been  embalmed,  was  taken  to 
his  home  at  Springfield,  Illinois,  passing  through 
Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Albany,  Buf- 
falo, Cleveland,  Chicago,  and  other  large  towns 
and  cities.  The  entire  road  seemed  to  be  lined 
with  mourners,  while  in  the  chief  cities  the  funeral 
ceremonies  were  equally  solemn  and  magnificent. 


ANDREW   JOHNSON, 

THE  constitutional  successor  to  President 
Lincoln,  was  born  in  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  De- 
cember 29th,  1808.  Prevented  by  the 
poverty  of  his  parents  from  receiving  any  school- 
ing, he  was  apprenticed,  at  the  age  of  ten,  to  a 
tailor.  On  the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship, 
he  went  to  Greenville,  Tenn.,  where  he  married. 
By  his  wife  he  was  taught  to  write  and  to.  cipher, 
having  already  learned  to  read.  Taking  consid- 
erable interest  in  local  politics,  he  formed  a  work- 
ingman's  party  in  the  town,  by  which  he  was 
elected  alderman,  and  afterward  Mayor.  In 
1835,  he  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  Legislature, 


4$o  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

Failing  of  re-election  in  1837,  he  was  again  suc- 
cessful in  1839;  and  in  1841,  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate.  His  ability  was  now  recognized 
and,  in  1843,  he  was  sent  to  Congress  as  a  Rep- 
resentative of  the  Democratic  party.  Having 
served  five  successive  terms  in  Congress,  he  was, 
in  1853,  elected  Governor  of  Tennessee,  and 
again  in  1855.  Two  years  later,  he  was  called 
upon  to  represent  Tennessee  in  the  United  States 
Senate,  where  he  speedily  rose  to  distinction  as  a 
man  of  great  native  energy.  The  free  homestead 
bill,  giving  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  the 
public  land  to  every  citizen  who  would  settle  upon 
it  and  cultivate  it  a  certain  number  of  years,  owes 
its  passage  to  his  persistent  advocacy.  On  the 
slavery  question  he  generally  went  with  the  Dem- 
ocratic party,  accepting  slavery  as  an  existing 
institution,  protected  by  the  Constitution. 

In  the  Presidential  canvass  of  1860,  Mr.  John- 
son was  a  supporter  of  Breckinridge,  but  took 
strong  grounds  against  secession  when  that  sub- 
ject came  up.  His  own  State  having  voted  itself 
out  of  the  Union,  it  was  at  the  peril  of  his  life 
that  he  returned  home  in  1861.  Attacked  by  a 
mob  on  a  railroad  car,  he  boldly  faced  his  assail- 
ants, pistol  in  hand,  and  they  slunk  away.  On 
the  4th  of  March,  1862,  he  was  appointed  Military 
Governor  of  Tennessee.  He  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  his  office  with  a  courage  and  vigor  that 
soon  entirely  reversed  the  condition  of  affairs  in 


ANDREW  JOHNSON.  ,gt 

the  State.  By  March,  1864,  he  had  so  far  restored 
order  that  elections  were  held  for  State  and 
County  officers,  and  the  usual  machinery  of  civil 
government  was  once  more  set  in  motion. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1865,  Mr.  Johnson  was 
inaugurated  as  Vice-President  of  the  United 

o 

States.  The  assassination  of  President  Lincoln, 
a  little  more  than  a  month  afterward,  placed  him 
in  the  vacant  chief  executive  chair.  Though  Mr. 
Johnson  made  no  distinct  pledges,  it  was  thought 
by  the  tone  of  his  inaugural  that  he  would  pursue 
a  severe  course  toward  the  seceded  States.  Yet 
the  broad  policy  of  restoration  he  finally  adopted, 
met  the  earnest  disapproval  of  the  great  party  by 
which  he  had  been  elected.  The  main  point  at 
issue  was,  "  whether  the  seceded  States  should 
be  at  once  admitted  to  representation  in  Congress, 
and  resume  all  the  rights  they  had  enjoyed  before 
the  Civil  War,  without  further  guarantees  than  the 
surrender  of  their  armies,  and  with  no  provision 
for  protecting  the  emancipated  blacks." 

Johnson,  opposed  to  making  any  restrictive 
conditions,  therefore  persistently  vetoed  the  vari- 
ous reconstructive  measures  adopted  by  Congress. 
Though  these  measures  were  finally  passed  over 
the  President's  vetoes  by  two-thirds  of  the  votes 
of  each  house,  yet  his  determined  opposition  to 
their  policy,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  unconsti- 
tutional, gave  Congress  great  offense.  This  feeling 
finally  became  so  intense,  that  the  House  of  Repre- 


4g2  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

sentatives  brought  articles  of  impeachment  against 
him.  The  trial — the  first  of  its  kind  known  in  our 
history — was  conducted  by  the  United  States 
Senate,  presided  over  by  the  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court.  The  impeachment  failed,  how- 
ever, yet  only  lacked  one  vote  of  the  two-thirds 
majority  requisite  to  the  President's  conviction. 

In  1866,  Mr.  Johnson  made  a  tour  to  Chicago, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  made  many  petty 
speeches,  which  brought  upon  him  both  censure 
and  ridicule,  but  he  was  regarded  as  politically 
harmless,  and  to  the  close  of  his  term,  March  4th, 
1869,  he  was  allowed  to  pursue  his  own  policy 
with  but  little  opposition.  Retiring  to  his  home 
at  Greenville,  he  began  anew  to  take  an  active 
part  in  the  politics  of  his  State.  It  required  sev- 
eral years,  however,  for  him  to  regain  anything 
like  his  earlier  popularity  ;  but  finally,  in  January, 
1875,  he  succeeded  in  securing  his  election  once 
more  to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  but 
he  died  on  the  3Oth  of  the  following  July. 


ULYSSES   S.  GRANT. 

HISTORY  has  recorded  few  instances  of 
the  rapid  and  unexpected  rise  of  individ- 
uals in  humble  circumstances  to  the  hio-h- 

O 

est  positions,  more  remarkable  than  that  afforded 
by  the  life  of  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  the   eighteenth 


VL  YSSES  S.   GRANT. 

on  the  Mississippi,  having  been  strongly  fortified 
and  garrisoned  by  the  enemy,  the  duty  of  taking 
that  place  devolved  upon  Grant.  After  several 
attempts  against  it  from  the  north,  all  of  which 
resulted  more  or  less  disastrously,  he  finally 
moved  his  army  down  the  west  bank  of  the  river, 
and,  crossing  to  the  east  side,  at  a  point  below  the 
city,  began,  on  the  i8th  of  May,  1863,  a  formal 
siege,  which  lasted  until  the  4th  of  the  ensuing 
July,  when  the  place  was  surrendered,  with  nearly 
thirty  thousand  prisoners  and  an  immense  amount 
of  military  stores. 

Grant's  capture  of  Vicksburg,  the  result  of  that 
tenacity  of  purpose  which  is  a  marked  trait  in  his 
character,  was  hailed  with  unbounded  delight  by 
the  whole  country.  He  was  immediately  commis- 
sioned a  major-general  in  the  regular  army,  and 
placed  in  command  of  the  entire  military  Division 
of  the  Mississippi.  Congress  also,  meeting  in 
December,  ordered  a  gold  medal  to  be  struck  for 
him,  and  passed  resolutions  of  thanks  to  him  and 
his  army.  Still  further,  a  bill  reviving  the  grade 
of  lieutenant-general  was  passed,  and,  on  the  ist 
of  March,  1864,  Grant  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  to  the  position  thus  created. 

Having  now  been  placed  at  the  head  of  an 
army  of  seven  hundred  thousand  men,  Grant, 
announcing  that  his  headquarters  would  be  in  the 
field,  "  at  once  planned  two  movements,  to  be  di- 
rected simultaneously  against  vital  points  of  the 


488  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

Confederacy."  One  of  these,  with  Richmond  for 
its  point  of  attack,  he  commanded  in  person  ;  the 
other,  against  Atlanta,  in  Georgia,  was  headed  by 
General  Sherman. 

On  the  3d  of  May,  Grant  began  the  movement 
against  Richmond,  crossing  the  Rapidan,  and 
pushing  determinedly  into  the  "  Wilderness," 
where,  met  by  Lee,  a  bloody  battle  was  fought, 
foiling  his  first  attempt  to  place  himself  between 
the  Confederate  Army  and  their  threatened  capi- 
tal. Advancing  by  the  left  flank,  he  was  again 
confronted  by  Lee  at  Spottsylvania,  and  com- 
pelled to  make  another  flank  movement,  resulting 
in  his  again  being  brought  to  a  stand  by  his  wary 
antagonist.  Declaring  his  determination  "  to 

o  ^ 

fiorht  it  out  on  this  line  if  it  took  him  all  summer," 

o 

Grant  still  pushed  on  by  a  series  of  flank  move- 
ments, each  culminating  in  a  sanguinary  battle, 
in  which  his  losses  were  fearful,  and  finally,  pass- 
ing Richmond  on  the  east,  crossed  the  James, 
and  laid  siege  to  the  city  of  Petersburg,  the  cap- 
ture of  which  now  became  the  great  problem  of 
the  war. 

Grant  crossed  the  James  on  the  I5th  of  June, 

1864.  It  was   not  until  the  beginning  of  April, 

1865,  after  a  series  of  desperate  assaults,  coming 
to  a  crisis    in  the  battle  of  Five  Forks,  in   which 
Grant  gained  a  crowning   triumph,  that    Peters- 
burg finally  succumbed.     The  fall   of  Petersburg 
compelled    Lee   to  evacuate  Richmond  with    the 


GENERAL  GRANT'S  "WELCOME  HOME"  IX  PHILADELPHIA. 


UL  YSSES  S.  GRANT. 

business  basis  of  peace  made  financial  affairs  un- 
steady and  led  to  the  famous  panic  of  '73.  But 
prosperity  returned  gradually  and  on  a  more  solid 
basis,  and  the  great  Centennial  Exposition  of  1876, 
at  Philadelphia,  was  a  fitting  crown  upon  the  final 
year  of  Grant's  eight  years  of  Presidential  work 
and  honor.  In  his  last  message  to  Congress 
he  urged  compulsory  common-school  education 
where  other  means  of  education  are  not  provided; 
the  exclusion  of  all  sectarianism  from  public 
schools;  the  prohibition  of  voting,  after  1890,  to 
all  persons  unable  to  read  and  write ;  the  perma- 
nent separation  of  Church  and  State;  entire  reli- 
gious freedom  for  all  sects,  and  legislation  to 
speedily  secure  a  return  to  sound  currency. 

General  Grant  was  strongly  urged  to  accept 
the  nomination  for  a  third  term,  but  declined  the 
honor  and  retired  to  private  life,  March  4th,  1877. 
After  his  long-continued  public  service,  an  ex- 
tended trip  abroad  was  deemed  desirable  by  the 
General.  Arrangements  were  matured  accord- 
ingly, and  on  May  1 7th,  1877,  he  sailed  from  Phila- 
delphia in  the  steamer  Indiana.  His  journey  was 
prosperous  in  every  respect.  He  made  the  tour 
of  the  world  and  reached  San  Francisco  Septem- 
ber 2Oth,  1879.  Everywhere  he  was  the  recipient 
of  the  highest  honors.  The  most  distinguished 
crowned  heads  and  military  leaders  of  all  nations 
were  proud  to  do  him  honor,  and  he  in  return  did 
many  personal  friendly  offices  which  were  most 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

gratefully  recognized.  He  finally  settled  in  New 
York  city,  where  he  is  justly  honored  and  highly 
appreciated  by  all. 


RUTHERFORD  B.  HAYES. 

RUTHERFORD  BIRCHARD  HAYES, 
the  nineteenth  incumbent  of  the  Presiden- 
tial chair,  was  born  at  Delaware,  Ohio, 
October  4th,  1822.  He  enjoyed  the  most  favorable 
surroundings  of  refinement  and  culture  in  his 
youth,  and  graduated  at  Kenyon  College  in  1842. 
In  1845,  he  graduated  from  the  Harvard  Law 
School  and  began  practice  in  Fremont,  Ohio, 
from  which  place  he  removed  to  Cincinnati  in  1849. 
He  served  as  City  Solicitor  for  several  years, 
until  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  when  he  took 
the  field  as  major  of  the  Twenty- third  Ohio  Volun- 
teers. He  had  a  splendid  record,  rising  to  the  com- 
mand of  a  division,  being  breveted  major-general, 
and  continuing  until  June  ist,  1865,  when  he  re- 
signed his  rank  and  returned  to  Cincinnati. 

o 

In  December,  1865,  he  entered  Congress,  to 
which  he  had  been  elected  before  he  left  the  army. 
He  was  re-elected  to  this  position,  but  resigned 
to  become  Governor  of  Ohio,  to  which  office  he 
was  three  times  chosen,  an  honor  never  before 
conferred  in  that  State.  The  prominent  issues  in 
his  last  campaign  for  the  Governorship  were  the 


RUTHERFORD  B.  HAYES. 

currency  and  the  school  questions.  So  satis- 
factory were  his  views  on  these  measures,  that  he 
received  much  favorable  mention  for  nomination 
in  the  Presidential  campaign  then  approaching. 

On  June  i6th,  1876,  the  Republican  Convention 
met  at  Cincinnati,  and  on  the  seventh  ballot 
Hayes  received  the  nomination  over  James  G. 
Blaine  and  Benjamin  H.  Bristow.  Hayes  received 
three  hundred  and  eighty-four  votes,  Blaine  three 
hundred  and  fifty-one,  and  Bristow  twenty-one. 
The  contest  was  bitter  in  the  Convention  and  in 
the  succeeding canvass,and  its  close  was  a  disputed 
election,  the  electoral  votes  of  Florida,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  Louisiana  being  claimed  by  both  parties, 
as  was  one  electoral  vote  of  Oregon  also.  The 
contest  was  finally  referred  to  an  Electoral  Com- 
mission, which  decided  by  a  vote  of  eight  to  seven 
that  Hayes  was  elected,  and  he,  accordingly,  suc- 
ceeded General  Grant  in  the  office  on  March  4th, 
1877,  the  inauguration  occurring  on  the  next  day, 
Monday,  March  5th.  The  great  feature  of  this 
Administration  was  the  full  resumption  of  specie 
payments,  a  success  achieved  without  jar  or  con- 
fusion of  any  kind  in  the  business  of  the  country. 

At  the  close  of  his  term,  March  4th,  1881,  Mr. 
Hayes  turned  over  the  Administration  to  his  suc- 
cessor amid  peace  and  prosperity  such  as  the  na- 
tion seldom  enjoyed,  and  returned  to  his  home  in 
Ohio,  where  he  still  lives  (June,  1884),  respected 
and  beloved  by  all  his  fellow-citizens. 


498 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 


JAMES  A.  GARFIELD. 


THE  nation's  choice  for  the  twenty-fourth 
Presidential  term,  James  Abram  Garfield, 
was  born  November  i  gth,  1 83 1 , at  Orange, 
Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio.  His  ancestors  were  early 
immigrants  of  New  England,  and  they  bore  noble 
part  in  all  the  hardships  and  sufferings  of  the  Rev- 
olutionary and  earlier  periods.  His  parents  were 
Abram  and  Eliza  Garfield,  his  father  dying  when 
James  was  but  a  child,  and  his  mother  surviving  to 
see  his  exaltation  to  the  Presidency  and  his  un- 
timely end. 

James  Garfield's  early  life  was  one  filled  with 
the  struggles  incident  to  poverty  on  the  frontier 
settlements.  On  the  farm,  on  the  canal,  and  at 
the  carpenter's  bench,  he  toiled  energetically,  read- 
ing and  studying  all  the  while,  that  he  might  fit 
himself  for  college.  He  finally  betook  himself  to 
teaching  as  a  means  of  subsistence,  and  while  so 
engaged  pressed  his  own  education  diligently.  He 
decided  to  enter  Williams  College,  Mass.,  which 
he  did,  in  June,  1854,  in  a  class  nearly  two  years 
advanced.  He  had  saved  some  money,  but  he 
worked  during  his  vacations  and  at  spare  mo- 
ments, and  so  was  enabled  to  complete  his  course, 
though  somewhat  in  debt,  graduating  August,  1856. 
While  yet  a  student,  he  became  much  interested  in 
politics  and  made  some  speeches  on  his  favorite 
views. 


JAMES  A.  GARFIELD. 

After  his  graduation,- he  entered  Hiram  College, 
Ohio,  as  a  teacher  of  ancient  languages  and  liter- 
ature, and  soon  after  became  its  President.  Mean- 
while, he  was  active  in  a  wide  variety  of  good 
works,  preaching,  addressing  temperance  meet- 
ings, making  political  speeches,  and  at  the  same 
time  pursuing  the  study  of  the  law.  In  1858,  he 
married  Lucretia  Rudolph,  who  had  been  a  fellow- 
student  with  him  in  his  academic  schooldays. 

As  a  logical  and  effective  political  speaker,  Gar- 
field  soon  became  prominent,  and  in  1859  was 
elected  to  the  Senate  of  his  native  State,  where  he 
immediately  took  high  rank,  although  he  still  con- 
tinued to  be  much  engaged  in  literary  and  relig- 
ious work.  In  August,  1861,  he  solemnly  consid- 
ered the  question  of  entering  the  army,  and  wrote 
his  conclusion  thus :  "  I  regard  my  life  as  given  to 
my  country.  I  am  only  anxious  to  make  as  much 
of  it  as  possible  before  the  mortgage  on  it  is  fore- 
closed." 

As  a  soldier,  Garfield  was  thorough,  brave,  and 
efficient.  He  had  a  large  share  of  hard  fighting  in 
the  West  and  the  Southwest,  but  he  won  high  praise 
in  it  all,  rising  from  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel 

o 

to  that  of  brigadier-general  and  chief  of  staff  to 
General  Rosecrans,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
until  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  had  been  fought, 
when  he  was  promoted  to  a  major-generalship 
for  "gallant  and  meritorious  conduct"  on  that 
bloody  field. 


cO2  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

Just  before  this  battle,  Garfield  had  been  chosen 
by  his  fellow-citizens  in  Ohio  as  their  representa- 
tive in  Congress.  To  accept  this  post  was  deemed 
his  duty  by  all  his  friends  and  advisers,  so  he  re- 
signed his  commission  on  the  5th  of  December, 
1863,  and  took  his  place  in  Congress  at  less  than 
half  the  salary  drawn  by  one  of  his-  military  rank. 
In  this  new  position  he  exercised  the  same  earn- 
est conscientiousness  he  had  ever  shown.  He  was 
a  master  workman  in  every  line  of  duty  there  for 
seventeen  years,  during  which  period  he  left  the 
imprint  of  his  ability  and  patriotism  as  thoroughly 
upon  the  legislation  of  the  country  as  any  one 
man  in  public  service.  He  certainly  realized  the 
meaning  of  the  title,  "a  public  benefactor,"  as  de- 
fined in  his  own  speech  made  on  December  roth, 
1878,  in  which  he  said:  "The  man  who  wants  to 
serve  his  country  must  put  himself  in  the  line  of 
its  leading  thought,  and  that  is  the  restoration  of 
business,  trade,  commerce,  industry,  sound  polit- 
ical economy,  hard  money,  and  the  payment  of  all 
obligations,  and  the  man  who  can  add  anything  in 
the  direction  of  accomplishing  any  of  these  pur- 
poses is  a  public  benefactor." 

No  man  with  such  an  ideal  could  fail  to  at  once 
take  high  rank.  Nor  did  Garfield  fail  to  do  so. 
At  the  outset  he  was  recognized  as  a  leader,  and 
his  influence  grew  with  his  service.  He  was  at 
once  appointed  on  the  Military  Committee,  under 
the  chairmanship  of  General  Schenck  and  the  col- 


GEN.  GARFIEUDS  HOME,  MENTOR,  OHIO. 


JAMES  A.  GARFIELD. 

leagueship  of  Farnsworth,  both  fresh  from  the 
field.  In  this  work  he  was  of  great  service — just 
as  Rosecrans  anticipated  he  would  be.  His  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  the  wants  of  the  army  was  of 
the  first  value  in  all  legislation  pertaining  to  mil- 
itary matters.  He  was  appointed  chairman  of  a 
select  committee  of  seven  appointed  to  investigate 
the  alleged  frauds  in  the  money-printing  bureau 
of  the  Treasury,  and  on  other  very  important  and 
complicated  matters  he  rendered  service  of  the 
greatest  value. 

He  did  most  excellent  work,  as  an  orator,  on 
many  momentous  questions,  as  the  following  partial 
list  of  his  published  Congressional  speeches  will 
show :  "  Free  Commerce  between  the  States ;" 
"National  Bureau  of  Education;"  "The  Public 
Debt  and  Specie  Payments  ;"  "Taxation  of  United 
States  Bonds  ;"  "  Ninth  Census  ;"  "  Public  Expen- 
ditures and  Civil  Service;"  "The  Tariff;"  "  Qurr 
rency  and  the  Banks ;"  "  Debate  on  the  Currency 
Bill;"  "On  the  McGarrahan  Claim;"  " T^e .£ight 
to  Originate  Revenue  Bills ;"  "  Pub)i,c  Expendi- 
tures;" ''National  Aid  to  Education,"  .'A  The  Cur- 
rency ;"  "  Revenues  and  Expenditures,. ;"  "  Curren- 
cy and  the  Public  Faith ;"  "A^pprppriatio.ns;"  "Count- 
ing the  Electoral  Vote  ;"  "Repeal  of  the  Resump-, 
tion  Law ;"  "  The  New  Scheme  o,f  American,  Fir 
nance  ;"  "The  Tariff ;""  Suspension  and  Ekesumpr. 
tion  of  Specie  Payments ;"  *\  $e)atio,n,  of-  the  Na- 
tional  Government  to  Science  5"  "Svigfo 


OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

It  was  a  surprise  to  nobody,  but  a  real  pleasure 
to  multitudes,  when  at  Chicago,  on  June  8th,  1880, 
James  A.  Garfield  received  the  nomination  for 
the  Presidency  by  three  hundred  and  ninety-nine 
votes  in  a  total  of  seven  hundred  and  fifty-five. 
This  was  upon  the  thirty-sixth  ballot  of  the  nomi- 
nating Convention,  but  not  until  then  had  Garfield 
been  prominently  brought  forward.  His  nomi- 
nation was  at  once  made  unanimous  in  the  Con- 
vention, and  hailed  with  joy  throughout  the  land. 
His  chief  opponent  was  the  superb  soldier,  Major- 
General  Winfield  S.  Hancock,  but  Garfield  and 
Arthur  received  two  hundred  and  fourteen  of 
three  hundred  and  sixty-nine  electoral  votes  and 
secured  the  highest  offices  in  the  gift  of  the  na- 
tion. 

Garfield  was  inaugurated  amid  general  satisfac- 
tion throughout  the  nation.  His  venerable  mother 
saw  her  son's  exaltation  on  that  memorable  In- 
auguration Day,  and  received  from  him,  as  the 
newly  made  President,  his  kiss  of  filial  love. 
Every  department  of  the  public  service  felt  the 
force  of  the  new  regime,  and  prosperity  beamed 
on  every  side  until  the  fatal  Saturday,  July  2d, 
1 88 1,  when  the  assassin's  bullet  cut  short  the  era 
of  joy  and  hopefulness  which  had  just  fairly 
dawned.  Of  the  subsequent  weeks  of  suffering 
and  anxiety,  through  which  that  valuable  life 
trembled  in  the  balance,  while  the  nation's  hopes 
and  fears  rose  and  fell  alternately,  and  of  the  sad, 


SAMUEL  J.  KIRKWOOD, 

SECT.    OF    THE   INTERIOR. 


PRESIDENT  GARFIELD'S  CABINET. 


JAMES  A.  GARFIELD. 


509 


sad  end  at  Elberon,  New  Jersey,  on  September 
29th,  the  world  is  well  informed.  The  wound 
then  made  in  the  nation's  heart  is  open  still,  and 
further  mention  need  not  here  be  made  of  those 
agonizing  and  still  fresh  experiences.  But  the 
fittest  tribute  that  can  here  be  paid  to  Garfield's 
memory  is  from  the  lips  of  his  intimate  associate  and 
fellow-worker,  Hon.  James  G.  Elaine.  By  request 
of  the  national  authorities,  he  delivered,  February 
27th,  1882,  the  official  eulogy  upon  the  deceased 
President.  All  the  magnates  of  the  capital  were 
present  in  the  Hall  of  Representatives  to  hear 
that  oration,  from  which  masterly  effort  the  follow- 
ing somewhat  disconnected,  but  none  the  less 
effective,  paragraphs  are  taken  : 

No  manly  man  feels  anything  of  shame  in 
looking  back  to  early  struggles  with  adverse  cir- 
cumstances, and  no  man  feels  a  worthier  pride  than 
when  he  has  conquered  the  obstacles  in  his  pro- 
gress. But  no  one  of  noble  mold  desires  to  be 
looked  upon  as  having  occupied  a  menial  position, 
as  having  been  repressed  by  a  feeling  of  inferiority, 
or  as  having  suffered  the  evils  of  poverty  until  re- 
lief was  found  at  the  hand  of  charity.  General 
Garfield's  youth  presented  no  hardships  which 
family  love  and  family  energy  did  not  overcome, 
subjected  him  to  no  privations  which  he  did  not 
cheerfully  accept  and  left  no  memories  save  those 
which  were  recalled  with  delight  and  transmitted 
with  profit  and  with  pride. 


cIO  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

Garfield's  early  opportunities  for  securing  an 
education  were  extremely  limited,  and  yet  were 
sufficient  to  develop  in  him  an  intense  desire  to 
learn.  He  could  read  at  three  years  of  age,  and 
each  winter  he  had  the  advantage  of  the  district 
school.  He  read  all  the  books  to  be  found  within 
the  circle  of  his  acquaintance ;  some  of  them  he 
got  by  heart.  While  yet  in  childhood  he  was  a 
constant  student  of  the  Bible,  and  became  familiar 
with  its  literature.  The  dignity  and  earnestness 
of  his  speech  in  his  maturer  life  gave  evidence  of 
this  early  training.  At  eighteen  years  of  age  he 
was  able  to  teach  school,  and  thenceforward  his 
ambition  was  to  obtain  a  college  education.  To 
this  end  he  bent  all  his  efforts,  working  in  the  har- 
vest field,  at  the  carpenter's  bench,  and,  in  the 
winter  season,  teaching  the  common  schools  of 
the  neighborhood.  While  thus  laboriously  occu- 
pied he  found  time  to  prosecute  his  studies,  and 
was  so  successful  that  at  twenty-two  years  of  age 
he  was  able  to  enter  the  junior  class  at  Williams 
College,  then  under  the  presidency  of  the  vener- 
able and  honored  Mark  Hopkins,  who,  in  the  full- 
ness of  his  powers,  survives  the  eminent  pupil  to 
whom  he  was  of  inestimable  service. 

The  history  of  Garfield's  life  to  this  period  pre- 
sents no  novel  features.  He  had  undoubtedly 
shown  perseverance,  self-reliance,  self-sacrifice, 
and  ambition — qualities  which,  be  it  said  for  the 
honor  of  our  country,  are  everywhere  to  be  found 


JAMES  A.  GARFIELD.  c  j  j 

among  the  young  men  of  America.     But  from  his 
graduation  at  Williams  onward,  to  the  hour  of 
his  tragical  death,  Garfield's  career  was  eminent 
and    exceptional.      Slowly  working   through  his 
educational  period,  receiving  his    diploma  when 
twenty-four  years  of  age,  he  seemed  at  one  bound 
to  spring  into  conspicuous  and  brilliant  success. 
Within  six  years  he  was  successively  president  of 
a  college,  State  Senator  of  Ohio,  Major-General 
of  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  and  Repre- 
sentative-elect  to    the    National    Congress.      A 
combination  of  honors  so  varied,  so  elevated,  within 
a  period  so  brief,  and  to  a  man  so  young,  is  without 
precedent  or  parallel  in  the  history  of  the  country. 
Garfield's  army  life  was  begun  with  no  other 
military  knowledge  than  such  as  he  had  hastily 
gained  from  books  in  the  few  months  preceding 
his  march  to  the  field.     Stepping  from  civil  life  to 
the  head  of  a  regiment,  the  first  order  he  received 
when  ready  to  cross  the  Ohio,  was  to  assume  com- 
mand of  a  brigade,  and  to  operate  as  an  indepen- 
dent force  in  Eastern  Kentucky.     His  immediate 
duty  was   to   check   the  advance  of  Humphrey 
Marshall,  who  was  marching  down  the  Big  Sandy 
with  the  intention  of  occupying,  in  connection  with 
other  Confederate  forces,  the  entire  territory  of 
Kentucky,  and  of  precipitating  the  State  into  se- 
cession     This  was  at  the  close  of  the  year  1861. 
Seldom,  if  ever,  has  a  young  college  professor 
been  thrown  into  a  more  embarrassing  and  dis- 


r  [  2  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

couraging  position.  He  knew  just  enough  of 
military  science,  as  he  expressed  it  himself,  to 
measure  the  extent  of  his  ignorance,  and  with  a 
handful  of  men  he  was  marching,  in  rough  winter 
weather,  into  a  strange  country,  among  a  hostile 
population,  to  confront  a  largely  superior  force 
under  the  command  of  a  distinguished  graduate 
of  West  Point,  who  had  seen  active  and  import- 
ant service  in  two  preceding  wars. 

The  result  of  the  campaign  is  matter  of  history. 
The  skill,  the  endurance,  the  extraordinary  energy 
shown  by  Garfield,  the  courage  he  imparted  to  his 
men,  raw  and  untried  as  himself,  the  measures  he 
adopted  to  increase  his  force  and  to  create  in  the 
enemy's  mind  exaggerated  estimates  of  his  num- 
bers, bore  perfect  fruit  in  the  routing  of  Marshall, 
the  capture  of  his  camp,  the  dispersion  of  his 
force,  and  the  emancipation  of  an  important 
territory  from  the  control  of  the  Rebellion.  Com- 
ing at  the  close  of  a  long  series  of  disasters  to 
the  Union  arms,  Garfield's  victory  had  an  unusual 
and  extraneous  importance,  and  in  the  popular 
judgment  elevated  the  young  commander  to -the 
rank  of  a  military  hero.  With  less  than  two 
thousand  men  in  his  entire  command,  with  a  mo- 
bilized force  of  only  eleven  hundred,  without  can- 
non, he  had  met  an  army  of  five  thousand  and 
defeated  them,  driving  Marshall's  forces  succes- 
sively from  two  strongholds  of  their  own  selec- 
tion, fortified  with  abundant  artillery.  Major- 


CHESTER  A.  ARTHUR. 


CHESTER  A.  ARTHUR. 

^  ¥  ^HE  exodus  from  foreign  lands  to  this  coun- 
try has  at  all  times  since  the  early  years 

-*-  of  the  present  century  been  remarkable 
for  its  steadiness — though  varying  during  the  de- 
cades. A  home  in  freedom  and  a  chance  for  a 
fortune  in  climes  where  centuries  have  not  bound 
with  iron  every  man's  position  is  always  an  incen- 
tive to  brave  spirits. 

Among  those  who  took  the  tide  in  its  flow,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  twenties,  was  a  young  Pro- 
testant Irishman  from  Ballymena,  County  Antrim, 
who  bore  the  name  of  William  Arthur.  He  was 
eighteen  years  of  age,  a  graduate  of  Belfast  Col- 
lege, and  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  intention  of 
becoming  a  Baptist  clergyman.  In  this  he  perse- 
vered, was  admitted  to  the  ministry,  took  a  degree 
of  D.D.,  and  followed  a  career  of  great  usefulness, 
which  did  not  terminate  until  he  died,  at  Newton- 
ville,  near  Albany,  October  27th,  1875.  He  was 
in  many  respects  a  remarkable  man.  He  acquired 
a  wide  fame  in  his  chosen  career,  and  entered  suc- 
cessfully the  great  competition  of  authors.  He 
published  a  work  on  Family  Names  that  is  to- 
day regarded  as  one  of  the  curiosities  of  English 
erudite  literature. 

He  married,  not  long  after  entering  the  minis- 
try, an  American,  Malvina  Stone,  who  bore  him 


r  -Q  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

0  O 

a  family  of  two  sons  and  five  daughters.  Of 
these,  Chester  Allan,  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
was  born  at  Fairfield,  Franklin  County,  Vermont, 
October  5th,  1830.  From  his  home  studies  he 
went  to  a  wider  field  of  instruction  in  the  insti- 
tutions of  Schenectady,  in  the  grammar  school  of 
which  place  he  was  prepared  for  entering  Union 
College.  This  he  did  at  the  age  of  fifteen  (1845), 
and  took  successfully  the  regular  course,  excelling 
in  all  his  studies  and  graduating  very  high  in  the 
class  of  1848. 

On  graduating  he  entered  the  law  school  at  Ball- 
ston  Springs.  By  rigid  economy  and  hard  work,  he 
had  managed  to  save  five  hundred  dollars,  and  with 
this  in  his  pocket  he  went  to  New  York,  and  entered 
the  law  office  of  Erastus  D..Culver,  afterward  minis- 
ter to  one  of  the  South  American  States  and  a  judge 
of  the  Civil  Court  of  Brooklyn.  Soon  after  entering 
Judge  Culver's  office,  he  was — in  1852 — admitted 
to  the  b.ar,  and  formed  the  firm  of  Culver,  Partsen 
&  Arthur,  which  was  dissolved  in  1837.  No  sooner 
had  he  won  his  title  to  appear  in  the  courts,  than 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  an  old  friend,  Henry 
D.  Gardner,  with  an  intention  of  practicing  in  the 
West,  and  for  three  months  these  young  gentle- 
men roamed  through  the  Western  States  in  search 
of  a  place  to  locate.  In  the  end,  not  satisfied,  they 
returned  to  New  York  and  began  practice. 

The  law  career  of  Mr.  Arthur  includes  some 
notable  cases.  One  of  his  first  cases  was  the  cele- 


•  CHESTER  A.   ARTHUR. 

brated  Lemmon  suit.  In  1852,  Jonathan  and  Juliet 
Lemmon,  Virginia  slaveholders,  intending  to  emi- 
grate to  Texas,  went  to  New  York  to  await  the 
sailinor  of  a  steamer,  brinoqna-  eight  slaves  with 

o  o       o          o 

them.  A  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  obtained  from 
Judge  Paine  to  test  the  question  whether  the 
provisions  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law  were  in  force 
in  that  State.  Judge  Paine  rendered  a  decision 
holding  that  they  were  not,  and  ordering  the  Lem- 
mon slaves  to  be  liberated.  Henry  L.  Clinton 
was  one  of  the  counsel  for  the  slaveholders.  A 
howl  of  rage  went  up  from  the  South,  and  the 
Virginia  Legislature  authorized  the  Attorney- 
General  of  that  State  to  assist  in  taking  an  appeal. 
William  M.  Evarts  and  Chester  A.  Arthur  were 
employed  to  represent  the  people,  and  they  won 
their  case,  which  then  went  to  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  Charles  O'Conor  here 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  slaveholders,  but  he, 
too,  was  beaten  by  Messrs.  Evarts  and  Arthur, 
and  a  long  step  was  thus  taken  toward  the 
emancipation  of  the  black  race. 

Mr.  Arthur  always  took  an  interest  in  politics 
and  the  political  surroundings  of  his  day.  His 
political  life  began  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  as  a 
champion  of  the  Whig  party.  He  shared,  too,  in 
the  turbulence  of  political  life  at  that  period,  and 
it  is  related  of  him  during  the  Polk-Clay  canvass 
that,  while  he  and  some  of  his  companions  were 
raising  an  ash  pole  in'  honor  of  Henry  Clay,  some 


c  ->  2  OUR  FORMER  PRESIDENTS. 

Democratic  boys  attacked  the  party  of  Whigs, 
and  young  Arthur,  who  was  the  recognized  leader 
of  the  party,  ordered  a  charge,  and,  taking  the 
front  ranks  himself,  drove  the  young  Democrats 
from  the  field  with  broken  heads  and  subdued 
spirits.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Saratoga  Con- 
vention that  founded  the  Republican  party  in  New 
York  State.  He  was  active  in  local  politics,  and 
he  gradually  became  one  of  the  leaders.  He 
nominated,  and  by  his  efforts  elected,  the  Hon. 
Thomas  Murphy  a  State  Senator.  When  the 
latter  resigned  the  Collectorship  of  the  Port,  in 
November,  1871,  he  was  nominated  by  President 
Grant  to  the  vacancy. 

He  was  nominated  for  the  Vice-Presidency  at 
Chicago  on  the  evening  of  Tuesday,  June  loth. 
He  was  heartily  indorsed  by  the  popular  and 
electoral  vote,  and  on  the  death  of  President 
Garfield,  September  iQth,  1881,  he  assumed  the 
Presidential  chair. 


PRESIDENTIAL  CONTESTS. 


BIRD'S-EYE    VIEW   OF   THE   PRESIDENTIAL 
CONTESTS. 

Washington,  Adams,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  and  Jackson  were  chosen  to  the  Presidency 
without  the  machinery  of  either  State  or  National  Conven- 
tions for  their  nomination. 

WASHINGTON  was  chosen  by  common  consent  and  demand, 
receiving  the  unanimous  electoral  vote,  sixty-nine,  ten  States 
only  voting,  New  York,  Nurth  Carolina,  and  Rhode  Island 
not  having  adopted  the  Constitution  or  framed  election  laws, 
and  four  qualified  delegates  being  absent.  At  his  second 
election  he  received  all  the  votes  but  three,  viz. :  one  hundred 
and  thirty-two  out  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-five,  fifteen 
States  voting.  In  1789,  eleven  other  persons  were  voted  for 
on  the  same  ballots  with  Washington,  he  who  received  the  next 
highest  vote  to  be  the  Vice-President,  as  was  the  rule  until 
1804.  John  Adams  was  thus  chosen  by  thirty- four  votes  over 
the  following  competitors:  John  Jay,  R.  H.  Harrison,  John 
Rutledge,  John  Hancock,  George  Clinton,  Samuel  Hunt- 
ingdon, John  Milton,  James  Armstrong,  Benjamin  Lincoln, 
and  Edward  Telfair.  In  1792,  John  Adams  was  again  chosen 
Vice-President,  by  seventy-seven  out  of  one  hundred  and 
thirty-two  votes,  over  George  Clinton,  Thomas  Jefferson,  and 
Aaron  Burr.  Adams  represented  the  Federalist  or  Adminis- 
tration party  of  the  day,  the  opposition  being  then  knovvn 
as  the  Republican  party. 

ADAMS,  having  twice  held  the  Vice-Presidency,  was  thought 
to  have  a  claim  on  the  higher  position,  and  in  1796,  sixteen 
States  voting,  he  received  seventy- one  electoral  votes,  Jeffer- 
son receiving  sixty-eight,  and  becoming  Vice-President  over 
Thomas  Pinckney,  Aaron  Burr,  Samuel  Adams,  Oliver  Ells- 
worth, George  Clinton,  John  Jay,  James  Iredell,  George 
Washington,  John  Henry,  S.  Johnson,. and  Charles  C.  Pinck- 
ney, for  each  of  whom  from  one  to  fifty-nine  electoral  votes 


r-,,  PRESIDENTIAL  CONTESTS. 

were  cast.  The  successful  candidates  represented  the  two 
parties  of  the  day.  In  1800,  the  parties  in  Congress  each 
held  a  caucus  and  each  nominated  its  own  candidates. 

JEFFERSON  was  chosen  President  in  1800,  on  the  thirty- 
sixth  ballot  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  he  and  Aaron 
Burr  having  a  tie  vote  of  seventy-three  in  the  Electoral  Col- 
lege, sixteen  States  voting.  Burr  then  became  Vice- President 
over  John  Adams,  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  and  John  Jay,  who 
represented  the  Federalists.  In  1803,  the  Constitution  was 
amended  prescribing  the  present  method  of  choosing  the 
nation's  chief  officers.  After  this  for  a  long  period  the  Re- 
publican party  and  its  successor,  the  Democratic  party,  had 
things  as  they  pleased.  In  1804,  Jefferson  was  re-elected 
over  Charles  C.  Pinckney  by  one  hundred  and  sixty-two 
votes  to  fourteen,  George  Clinton  becoming  Vice-President 
over  Rufus  King.  This  was  a  result  of  the  Congressional 
caucus.  Seventeen  States  voted. 

MADISON,  the  nominee  of  the  Republican  caucus,  received 
one  hundred  and  twenty-two  electoral  votes  in  1808,  seventeen 
Statesvoting,  his  opponent,  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  receiving  but 
fourteen,  and  George  Clinton,  another  candidate,  receiving 
none.  Clinton  received  one  hundred  and  thirteen  votes  for  the 
Vice-Presidency,  however,  and  was  chosen  over  Rufus  King, 
John  Larigdon,  James  Madison,  and  James  Monroe. 

In  1812,  Madison  received  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight 
electoral  votes  out  of  two  hundred  and  eighteen,  eighteen 
States  voting,  I)e  Witt  Clinton  receiving  eighty-nine  votes. 
Elbridge  Gerry  was  chosen  to  the  second  place  by  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty-one  votes,  Jared  Ingersoll  receiving  eighty-six. 

MONROE  was  twice  lifted  into  power  by  the  caucus,  receiv- 
ing one  hundred  and  eighty-three  votes  to  thirty-four  for 
Rufus  King,  in  1816,  and  two  hundred  and  thirty-one  to  one 
only  for  John  Quincy  Adams,  in  1820,  nineteen  States  voting 
in  the  first  election  and  twenty-four  in  the  second.  D.  D. 
Tompkins  received  one  hundred  and  eighty-three  votes  for 


PRESIDENTIAL  CONTESTS 

Vice-President  in  1816,  and  two  hundred  and  eighteen  in 
1820,  his  competitors  in  the  first  race  being  JohnE.  Howard, 
James  Ross,  John  Marshall,  and  Robert  G.  Harper,  and  in 
the  second  Richard  Stockton,  Daniel  Rodney,  Robert  G.  Har- 
per, and  Richard  Rush.  At  the  end  of  Monroe's  term  parties 
began  to  break  up  and  new  combinations  to  form  under  lead 
of  the  State  Legislatures,  several  of  which  brought  out  their 
favorite  sons. 

JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS  was  the  Coalition  nominee  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  1824.  Jackson  was  put  forward  by  Tennessee,  as 
were  William  H.  Crawford  and  Henry  Clay  by  their  respective 
States;  twenty-four  States  voted  in  this  contest,  having  two  hun- 
dred and  sixty-one  electoral  votes,  of  which  Jackson  received 
ninety-nine,  and  Adams  eighty-four,  the  remainder  being 
divided  among  the  other  two  candidates.  No  choice  being 
made,  the  House  of  Representatives  settled  the  contest,  giving 
Adams  thirteen  States,  Jackson  seven  States,  and  Crawford 
four  States.  Jackson's  popular  vote  was  one  hundred  and 
fifty-five  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-two;  that  cf 
Adams,  one  hundred  and  five  thousand  three  hundred  and 
twenty-one,  while  Crawford  and  Clay  together  polled  ninety 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-nine.  A  tempest  of  ill-feel- 
ing was  begotten  by  this  decision.  John  C.  Calhoun  was  chosen 
Vice-President,  however,  receiving  one  hundred  s^d  eighty- 
two  votes,  his  opponents  feeing  Nathan  Sanford,  Nathaniel 
Macon,  Andrew  Jackson,  Martin  Van  Buren,  and  Henry  Clay. 

JACKSON  was  so  enraged  by  his  defeat  that  he  left  the  Senate 
and  threw  all  his  tremendous  energy  into  the  campaign  of 
1828,  he  being  the  leader  of  the  newly  formed  Demociatic 
party.  Twenty-four  States  voted,  with  two  hundred  and 
sixty  one  electoral  votes,  of  which  Jackson  secured  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-eight,  to  eighty-three  for  Adams,  and  a 
popular  vote  of  six  hundred  and  forty-seven  thousand  two 
hundred  and  thirty-one,  to  five  hundred  and  nine  thousand 
and  ninety-seven  for  Adams.  Calhoun  again  became  Vice- 
president  by  one  hundred  and  seventy-one  votes,  Richand 


536 


PRESIDENTIAL  CONTESTS. 


Rush  and  William  Smith  being  his  vanquished  rivals.  In 
1832,  Jackson  again  swept  the  board,  receiving  two  hundred 
and  nineteen  electoral  votes  and  six  hundred  and  eighty-seven 
thousand  two  hundred  and  thirty-one  popular  votes,  Henry 
Clay,  the  National  Republican  candidate,  receiving  forty-nine 
electoral  votes,  and  five  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  one 
hundred  and  eighty-nine  popular  votes.  John  Floyd  and 
William  Wirt  received  some  thirty-three  thousand  votes  from 
the  people  and  eighteen  from  the  electors.  Martin  Van 
Buren  became  Vice-President  in  Jackson's  second  term,  re- 
ceiving one  hundred  and  eighty-nine  votes,  his  competitors 
being  John  Sergeant,  Henry  Lee,  Amos  Ellmaker,  and 
William  Wilkins. 

The  Convention  system  was  born  under  Jackson's  Adminis- 
tration. Its  object  was  to  prevent  defeat  by  scattered  votes 
in  the  same  party  The  anti-Masonic  party  held  the  first 
gathering  of  the  sort,  William  Wirt  being  its  nominee.  The 
National  Republicans  followed  in  1831,  the  Democrats  in 
1832.  This  machinery  bore  its  first  fruits  in  Jackson's  second 
Presidential  campaign.  The  Whig  party  made  its  first  ap- 
pearance in  1836,  but  its  counsels  were  divided  and  it  lost. 

VAN  BUREN  was  nominated  by  the  Democrats,  and  in  1836, 
twenty-six  States  voting,  he  received  one  hundred  and  seventy 
electoral  *ates,  four  Whig  candidates,  William  H.  Harrison, 
Hugh  L.  White,  Daniel  Webster,  and  W.  P.  Mangum  divid- 
ing among  themselves  eleven  electoral  votes.  Van  Buren's 
popular  vote  was  seven  hundred  and  sixty-one  thousand  five 
hundred  and  forty-nine ;  that  of  all  others,  seven  hundred 
and  thirty-six  thousand  six  hundred  and  fifty-six.  R.  M. 
Johnson,  who  received  one  hundred  and  seventy  electoral 
votes  for  Vice-President,  not  receiving  a  majority  of  all,  was 
elected  by  the  Senate.  His  competitors  were  Francis 
Granger,  John  Tyler,  and  William  Smith. 

HARRISON,  in  1840,  received  a  popular  vote  of  one  million 
two  hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand  and  seventeen,  and  an 
electoral  vote  of  two  hundred  and  thirty-four,  as  did  John 


PRESIDENTIAL  CONTESTS. 


537 


Tyler,  his  associate  on  the  Whig  ticket.  He  was  opposed  by 
Van  Buren,  who  polled  one  million  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  thousand  seven  hundred  and  two  popular  votes,  and 
sixty  of  the  electoral  college,  and  by  James  G.  Birney,  of  the 
Liberty  or  Abolition  party,  who  polled  seven  thousand  and 
fifty-nine  votes.  R.  M.  Johnson,  L.  W.  Tazewell,  and  James 
K.  Polk  were  candidates  for  the  Vice-Presidency,  receiving  in 
all  sixty  electoral  votes.  Twenty-six  States  voted.  Harrison's 
election  was  the  first  Whig  success,  and  the  campaign  preced- 
ing it  has  been  aptly  termed  "  the  great  national  frolic." 

POLK  was  chosen  President  in  1844  over  Birney,  the  Abo- 
litionist, and  Clay,  the  Whig,  receiving  a  popular  vote  of 
one  million  three  hundred  and  thirty-seven  thousand  two 
hundred  and  forty-three,  and  an  electoral  vote  of  one  hundred 
and  seventy,  to  Clay's  one  million  two  hundred  and  ninety- 
nine  thousand  and  sixty-eight  popular  and  one  hundred  and 
five  electoral,  Birney's  vote  being  sixty-two  thousand  three 
hundred  popular  and  none  electoral.  For  Vice-President 
George  M.  Dallas  received  the  same  electoral  vote  as  Polk, 
and  Theodore  Frelinghuysen  the  same  as  Clay. 

TAYLOR  was  chosen  by  the  Whigs  in  1848,  Clay  and  Web- 
ster being  abandoned.  He  and  his  associate,  Millard  Fill- 
more,  received  each  one  hundred  and  sixty-three  electoral 
votes  and  a  popular  vote  of  one  million  three  hundred  and 
sixty  thousand  one  hundred  and  one.  Lewis  Cass,  the  Demo- 
cratic nominee,  and  Wm.  O.  Butler,  his  associate,  were  re- 
garded as  a  weak  combination,  but  they  polled  one  million 
two  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  five  hundred  and  forty-four 
votes,  with  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  electors.  Van 
Buren  ran  on  the  Free  Soil  ticket  with  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
and  received  two  hundred  and  ninety-one  thousand  two 
hundred  and  sixty-three  votes,  thirty  States  voting.  Taylor 
died,  and  Fillmore  quarreled  with  his  party,  thus  impairing 
its  strength  sadly. 

PIERCE  rode  into  power  over  the  fragments  of  the  Whig 
party,  he  and  his  associate,  William  R.  King,  receiving  two 


538 


PRESIDENTIAL   CONTESTS. 


hundred  and  fifty-four  electoral  and  one  million  six  hundred 
and  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  seventy-four  popular 
votes.  Winfield  Scott  and  William  A.  Graham,  the  Whig 
nominees,  received  forty-two  electoral  and  one  million  three 
hundred  and  eighty-six  thousand  five  hundred  and  seventy- 
eight  popular  votes,  John  P.  Hale  and  George  W.  Julian, 
Free  Democrats,  polling  one  hundred  and  fifty-six  thousand 
one  hundred  and  forty-nine  suffrages.  This  contest  ended 
the  Whig  party.  Thirty-one  States  voted. 

BUCHANAN  was  chosen  in  1856  by  one  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-four electoral  votes,  John  C.  Breckenridge  being  his 
associate,  they  receiving  a  popular  vote  of  one  million  eight 
hundred  and  thirty-eight  thousand  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
nine,  John  C.  Fremont  and  Wm.  L.  Dayton,  nominees  of  the 
newly-formed  Republican  party,  receiving  one  hundred  and 
fourteen  electoral  and  one  million  three  hundred  and  forty- 
one  thousand  two  hundred  and  sixty-four  popular  votes, 
while  Mil  lard  Fillmore  and  A.  J.  Donelson,  of  the  American 
party,  had  eight  electoral  and  eight  hundred  and  seventy-four 
thousand  five  hundred  and  thirty-four  popular  votes.  This 
was  a  most  bitter  campaign,  saturated  with  all  the  issues  of 
slavery,  disunion,  and  border  ruffianism. 

LINCOLN  was  elected  in  1860  by  a  popular  vote  of  one 
million  eight  hundred  and  sixty-six  thousand  three  hundred 
and  fifty-two,  and  an  electoral  vote  of  one  hundred  and 
eighty,  Hannibal  Hamlin  being  his  associate.  This  was  the 
first  victory  for  the  Republicans.  Democrats,  Constitutional 
Unionists,  and  Independent  Democrats  voted  respectively 
for  Breckenridge  and  Lane,  Bell  and  Everett,  and  Douglas 
and  Johnson,  who  received  electoral  votes  as  follows: 
Breckenridge,  seventy-two ;  Bell,  thirty-nine ;  Douglas, 
twelve ;  and  popular  votes :  Breckenridge,  eight  hundred 
and  forty-five  thousand  seven  hundred  and  sixty-three;  Bell, 
five  hundred  and  eighty-nine  thousand  five  hundred  and 
eighty-one ;  and  Douglas,  one  million  three  hundred  and 
seventy-five  thousand  one  hundred  and  fifty-seven.  Thirty- 


PRESIDENTIAL  CONTESTS. 

three  States  engaged  in  this  contest,  of  which  Lincoln  carried 
seventeen,  Breckenridge  eleven,  Bell  three,  and  Douglas 
two.  Lincoln's  second  election,  Andrew  Johnson  being  his 
associate,  was  by  two  hundred  and  twelve  electoral  and  two 
million  two  hundred  and  sixteen  thousand  andsixty-seven  pop- 
ular votes,  George  B.  McClellan  and  G.  H.  Pendleton  receiv- 
ing twenty-one  electoral  and  one  million  eight  hundred  and 
eight  thousand  seven  hundred  and  twenty-five  popular  votes. 
Eleven  States  and  eighty-one  electors  were  not  represented 
in  this  election.  Of  twenty-five  voting  States  Lincoln  carried 
all  but  three. 

GRANT  was  chosen  in  1872  over  Horatio  Seymour  by  two 
hundred  and  fourteen  votes  of  the  Electoral  College  to  eighty, 
twenty-three  electors,  three  States,  not  represented.  Schuyler 
Colfax  and  Frank  P  Blair,  Jr.,  were  the  respective  Vice-Pres- 
idential nominees.  The  popular  vote  was  three  million  fifteen 
thousand  and  seventy-one,  for  Grant,  to  two  million  seven 
hundred  and  nine  thousand  six  hundred  and  thirteen  for  Sey- 
mour. At  the  election  of  1872  Grant  had  a  long  line  of  com- 
petitors, but  he  polled  three  million  five  hundred  and  ninety- 
seven  thousand  and  seventy  popular  votes,  and  two  hundred 
and  eighty-six  electoral  out  of  a  possible  three  hundred  and 
sixty-six.  All  the  States  voted.  His  competitors  on  various 
tickets  were  Horace  Greeley,  Charles  O' Conor,  James  Black, 
Thos.  A.  Hendricks,  Charles  J.  Jenkins,  and  David  Davis. 
Henry  Wilson  was  chosen  Vice-President,  overB.  Gratz  Brown, 
Geo.  W.  Julian,  A.  H.  Colquitt,  John  M.  Palmer,  T.  E.  Bram- 
lette,  W.  S.  Groesbeck,  Willis  B.  Machen,  and  N.  P.  Banks. 

HAYES  was  elected,  with  his  associate,  Wm.  A.  Wheeler,  in 
a  scattering  contest.  His  popular  vote  was  four  million  thirty- 
three  thousand  nine  hundred  and  fifty.  Samuel  J.  Tilden, 
(Democrat)  received  four  million  two  hundred  and  eighty- 
four  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-five  votes.  Peter 
Cooper,  (Greenback)  eighty-one  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
farty.  Green  Clay  Smith  (Prohibition),  nine  thousand  five 
hundred  and  twenty-two,  and  two  thousand  six  hundred  and 


PRESIDENTIAL  CONTESTS. 

thirty-six  were  scattering.  T.  A.  Hendrickswas  Mr.  Tilden's 
associate.  The  disputed  vote  was  settled  by  an  Electoral  Com- 
mission which  awarded  Hayes  one  hundred  and  eighty-five 
electoral  votes  and  Tilden  one  hundred  and  eighty-four. 

GARFIELD  received,  in  1880,  a  popular  vote  of  four  million 
four  hundred  and  forty-nine  thousand  and  fifty-three,  and  an 
electoral  vote  of  two  hundred  and  fourteen,  together  with 
Chester  A.  Arthur,  his  associate.  Winfield  S.  Hancock  and 
William  H.  English  received  four  million  four  hundred  and 
forty-two  thousand  and  thirty-five  popular,  and  one  hundred 
and  fifty-five  electoral  votes.  The  Greenback  candidates, 
James  B.  Weaver  and  B.  J.  Chambers,  received  three  hundred 
and  seven  thousand  three  hundred  and  six  votes,  and  twelve 
thousand  five  hundred  and  seventy-six  were  reported  as  scat- 
tering. Thus  the  Republicans  held  the  Presidency  from  Lin- 
coln's election  in  1860. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

[Went  into  operation  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  March,  1789.] 


PREAMBLE. 

WE,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect 
union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  the  com- 
mon defense,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of 
liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Con- 
stitution for  the  United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE  I. 

OF  THE  LEGISLATIVE  POWER. 

SECTION  1.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  Housa 
of  Representatives. 

OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 

SEC.  2.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members 
chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  and  the  elec- 
tors in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the 
most  numerous  branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

No  person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 
age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  in 
which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several 
States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  according  to  their  re- 
spective numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole 
number  of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of 
years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons. 
The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made  within  three  years  after  the  first 
meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every  subsequent 
term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by  law  direct.  The  num- 
ber of  Representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but 
each  State  shall  have  at  least  one  Representative;  and,  until  such  enume- 
ration shall  be  made,  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to 
choose  three,  Massachusetts  eight,  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Planta- 
tions one,  Connecticut  five.  New  York  six,  New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania 
eight,  Delaware  one,  Maryland  six,  Virginia  ten,  North  Carolina  five, 
South  Carolina  five  and  Georgia  three. 

When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  State,  the  execu- 
tive authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their  speaker  and  other  offi- 
cers; and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

OF  THE  SENATE. 

SEC.  3.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two  Senators 
from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof,  for  six  years;  and  each 
Senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the  first 
election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes. 
The  seats  of  the  Senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  second  year,  of  the  second  class  nt  the  expiration  of  the  fourth 
year,  and  of  the  third  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that 
one-third  may  be  chosen  every  second  year;  and  if  vacancies  happen  by 
resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  Legislature  of  any  State, 
the  executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  next 
meeting  of  the  Legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

541 


542 


CONSTITUTION 


No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  ol 
thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who 
Khali  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall 
be  chosen. 

The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  President  of  the  Senate, 
but  shall  have  no  vote,  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  have  a  President  pro 
•temp&re,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice- President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise 
the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States. 

The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments.  When 
sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  allirmation.  When  the 
President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside;  and 
no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the 
members  present. 

Judgment  In  cases  of  Impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  to 
removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of 
honor,  trust  or  profit,  under  the  United  States;  but  the  party  convicted 
shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment  and 
punishment  according  to  law. 

MANNER  OF  ELECTING  MEMBERS. 

SEC.  4.  The  times,  places  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  Senators 
and  Representatives,  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  Legislature 
thereof;  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alter  such 
regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  Senators. 

CONGRESS  TO  ASSEMBLE  ANNUALLY. 

The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and  such  meet- 
ing shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law 
appoint  a  different  day. 

POWERS. 

SEC.  5.  Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns  and  quali- 
fications of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a 
quorum  to  do  business:  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to 
day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members, 
in  such  manner,  and  under  such  penalties,  as  each  house  may  provide. 

Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish  its  mem- 
bers for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds, 
expel  a  member. 

Kach  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from  time  to 
time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may,  in  their  judgment, 
require  secrecy;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  house 
on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered 
on  the  journal. 

Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place 
than  that  in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 

COMPENSATION,  ETC.,  OF  MEMBERS. 

SEC.  6.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation 
for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  Treasury 
of  the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  casses,  except  treason,  felony  and 
breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at 
the  session  of  their  respective  houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from 
the  same;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house,  they  shall  not  be 
questioned  in  any  other  place. 

No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was 
elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
States,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof  shall 
have  been  increased  during  such  time;  and  no  person  holding  any  office 
under  the  United  States,  shall  be  a  member  of  either  house  during  his 
continuance  in  office. 

MANNER  OF  PASSING  BILLS,  ETC. 

SEC.  7.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives ;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments  as  on 
other  bills. 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


543 


Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives  and 
the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of 
the  United  States;  if  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not  he  shall  return 
it,  with  his  objections,  to  that  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who 
shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  recon- 
sider it.  If,  after  such  reconsideration,  two-thirds  of  that  house  shall 
agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the 
other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved 
by  two-thirds  of  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases 
the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the 
names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on 
the  journal  of  each  house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned 
by  the  President  within  ten  days  (Sunday  excepted)  after  it  shall  have 
been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had 
signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  adjournment  prevent  its  return,  in 
which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

Every  order,  resolution  or  vote,  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of 
adjournment),  shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States; 
and  before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or  being 
disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  re-passed  by  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Repiesentatives,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  pre- 
scribed in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

POWER  OF  CONGRESS. 

SEC.  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  [power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties, 
imposts  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  common  defense 
and  general  welfare  of  the  United  States;  but  all  duties,  imposts  and 
excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States; 

To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States; 

To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several 
States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes; 

To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws  on  the 
subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States; 

To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin,  and  fix 
the  standard  of  weights  and  measures; 

To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities  and  cur- 
rent coin  of  the  United  States; 

To  establish  post-offices  and  post-roads; 

To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing  for  limited 
times  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective 
writings  and  discoveries ; 

To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Crrart- 

To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high  seas, 
and  offenses  against  the  law  of  nations; 

To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make  rules 
concerning  captures  on  land  and  water; 

To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to  that  use 
shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years; 

To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy; 

To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and  naval 
forces ; 

To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  the  Union, 
suppress  insurrections  and  repel  invasions; 

To  provide  for  organizing,  arming  and  disciplining  the  militia,  and  for 
governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively  the  appointment  of  the 
officers,  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia  according  the  discipline 
proscribed  by  Congress; 

To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  over  such  dis- 
trict (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may-,  by  cession  of  particular 
States,  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  pur- 
chased by  the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the  same 
shall  be,  for  the  erection  efforts,  magazines/arsenals,  dockyards  and  other 
needful  buildings;  and 

To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying  into 
execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this  Con- 


514 


CONSTITUTION 


Btitution  in  the  government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  department  or 
officer  thereof. 

LIMITATION  OK  TIIK  POWERS  OF  CONGRESS. 

SEC.  9.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  of  tlie  States 
now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the 
Congress  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  but  a 
tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dol- 
lars for  each  person. 

The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless 
when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

No  capitation,  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  proportion  to 
the  census  or  enumeration  hereinbefore  directed  to  be  taken. 

No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any  State. 

No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue 
to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to, 
or  from,  one  State,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in  consequence  of 
appropriations  made  by  law;  and  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the 
receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from 
time  to  time. 

No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States :  and  no  person 
holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them  shall,  without  the  consent 
of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office  or  title,  of  any 
kind  whatever,  from  any  king,  prince  or  foreign  State. 

LIMITATION  OF  THE  POWERS  OF  THE  INDIVIDUAL  STATES. 

SEC.  10.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance  or  confederation; 
grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal;  coin  money;  emit  bills  of  credit; 
make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tend_er  in  payment  of  debts; 
pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation 
of  contracts,  or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  imposts  or 
duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary 
for  executing  its  inspection  laws;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and 
imposts,  laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States;  and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  re- 
vision and  control  of  the  Congress. 

No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congres  •,  lay  any  duty  of  tonnage, 
keep  troops,  or  ships  of  war,  In  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or 
compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war, 
unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  of 
delay. 

ARTICLE  II. 

EXECUTIVE  POWER. 

SEC.  1.  The  executive  power  shall  he  vested  in  a  President  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four  years, 
and  together  with  the  Vice-President,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be  elected 
as  follows : 

MANNER  OF  ELECTING. 

Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  Legislature  thereof  may 
direct,  a  number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  Senators  and 
Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress;  but 
no  Senator  or  Representative,  or  person  holding  an  office  of  trust  or  profit 
under  the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed  an  elector. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for 
two  persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  with  the 
same  State  as  themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all  the  persons 
voted  for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each  ;  which  list  they  shall  sign 
and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  President  of 
the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives, open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such 
number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed  ;  and  if 
there  be  more  than  one  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


545 


mimber  of  votes,  then  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  immediately 
choose  by  ballot  one  of  them  for  President;  and  if  no  person  have  a 
majority,  then  from  the  five  highest  on  the  list  the  said  House  shall  in 
like  manner  choose  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the 
votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having 
one  vote ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consistof  a  member  or  members 
from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  the  President,  the 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors  shall  be  the 
Vice-President.  But  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more  who  have  equal 
^otes,  the  Senate  shall  choose  from  them  by  ballot  the  Vice-President. 

TIME  OF  CHOOSING  ELECTORS. 

The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors,  and  the 
day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes;  which  day  shall  be  the  same 
throughout  the  United  States. 

WHO  ELIGIBLE. 

No  person  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the 
office  of  President;  neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who 
shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen 
years  a  resident  within  the  United  States. 

•WHEN  THE  PRESIDENT'S  POWER  DEVOLVES  ON  THE  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his  death,  resig- 
nation or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office, 
the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President,  and  the  Congress  may  by 
law  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation  or  inability,  both 
of  the  President  and  Vice-President,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act 
as  President,  and  such  officer  shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  be 
removed,  or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

PRESIDENT'S  COMPENSATION. 

The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a  compensa- 
tion which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period 
for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that 
period  any  other  emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

OATH. 

Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the  following 
oath  or  affirmation :  '•  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully 
execute  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best 
of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States." 

POWERS  AND  DUTIES. 

SEC.  2.  The  President  shall  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States  when 
called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States;  he  may  require  the 
opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  de- 
partments, upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective 
offices,  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences 
against  the  United  States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice' and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present  concur;  ana 
he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  Judges  01 
the  Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of  the  United  States,  whose  ap- 
pointments are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be 
established  by  law;  but  the  Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of 
such  inferior  officers,  as  they  think  proper,  in  the  President  alone,  in  the 
Courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  departments. 

The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may  happen 
during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall  ex- 
pire at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

SEC.  3.  Pie  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  Congress  information  of 
the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  mca- 


546 


CONSTITUTION 


snres  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient;  he  may,  on  extraordinary 
occasions,  convene  both  houses,  or  either  of  them,  and'in  case  of  disagree- 
ment between  them,  \yith  respect,  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may 
adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  am- 
bassadors and  other  public  ministers;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be 
faithfully  executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the  United 
States. 

OFFICERS  REMOVED. 

SEC.  -1.  The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  removed  from  office,  0:1  impeachment  for,  and  conviction 
of,  treason,  bribery  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE  III. 

OF  THE  JUDICIARY. 

SEC.  1.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one 
Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  Courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time 
to  time  ordain  and  establish.  The  Judges,  both  of  the  Supreme  and  infe- 
rior Courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at 
stated  times,  receive  for  their  services  a  compensation  which  shall  not  be 
diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office. 

SEC.  2.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  law  and  equity, 
arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties 
made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority ;  to  all  cases  affecting 
ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty 
and  maritime  jurisdiction;  to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States 
shall  be  a  party;  to  controversies  between  two  or  more  States;  between 
a  State  and  citizens  of  another  State;  between  citizens  of  different  States; 
between  citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different 
States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  aj)d  foreign  States, 
citizens  or  subjects. 

JURISDICTION  OF  SUPREME  COURT. 

In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls. 
and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  a  party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have 
original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the  Supreme 
Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such 
exceptions,  and  under  such  regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

OF  TRIALS  FOR  CRIMES. 

The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be  by  jury ; 
and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have 
been  committed;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  State,  the  trial 
shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

OF  TREASON. 

SEC.  3.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only  in  levying 
war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and 
comfort. 

No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two 
witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  Court. 

The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason, 
but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture, 
except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

STATE  ACTS. 

SEC.  J.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  public 
acts,  records  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And  the  Con- 
gress may,  by  general  laws,  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts, 
records  and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof* 

PRIVILEGES  OF  CITIZENS. 

SEC.  2.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and 
immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States. 

A  person  charged  in  any  Slate  with  treason,  felony  or  other  crime,  who 
shall  llee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall,  on  demand  of 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


ARTICLE  VI. 

MODE    OF    TRIAL. 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy 
and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the 
crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previ- 
ously ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of 
the.uccusa.tion  ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him;  to  have 
compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor;  and  to  have  the 
assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defense. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

KIGHT  OF  TRIAL  BY  JURY. 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed 
twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved;  and  no  fact 
tried  by  jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  Court  of  the  United 
States  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

BAIL.  —  FINES. 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor 
eruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

RIGHTS  NOT  ENUMERATED. 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights,  shall  not  be  con- 
strued to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  X. 

POWERS  RESERVED. 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitution,  nor 
prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively  or  to 
the  people. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

LIMITATION  OF  JUDICIAL  POWER. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend 
to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity  commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the 
United  States  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of 
another  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  foreign  State.. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

ELECTION  OF  PRESIDENT. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for 
President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  in- 
habitant of  the  same  State  with  themselves;  they  shall  name  in  their 
ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person 
voted  for  as  Vice-President;  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  per- 
sons voted  for  as  President  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President, 
and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which  list  they  shall  sign  and  certify, 
and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 
directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate;  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall, 
in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the 
certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted;  the  person  having  the 
greatest  number  of  votes  for  President  shall  be  the  President,  if  such 
number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if 
no  person  have  such  a  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest 
numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list,  of  those  voted  for  as  President, 
the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediately  by  ballot  the 
President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  vote  shall  be  taken  by 
States,  the  representatives  from  each  State  having  one  vote;  a  quorum 
for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of 
the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 
And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  President  when- 
ever the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of 
March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  a* 


550 


CONSTITUTION- OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  Constitutional  disability  of  the  PresU 
dent. 

The.  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice-President  shall 
be  the  Vice-President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
of  electors  appointed;  and  if.no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the 
two  highest  numbers  on  the  list,  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-  President ; 
a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number 
of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necssary  to  a 
choice. 

But  no  person  Constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  President  shall 
be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

[Ratified  in  1865.] 
ARTICLE  XIII. 

SEC.  1.  Neither  Slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punish- 
ment for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall 
exist  within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

SEC.  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

[Ratified  in  18G8.] 
ARTICLE  XIV. 

SEC.  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject 
to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  Suites,  and  of  the 
State  wherein  they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which 
shall  abridge  the  privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  Nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty  or  property, 
without  due  process  of  law,  nor  deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction 
the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

SEC.  2.  Representati'ves  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  Slates 
according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  per- 
sons in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed;  but  whenever  the  right 
to  vote  at  any  election  for  electors  of  President  and  Vicfc-President,  or 
United  States  Representatives  in  Congress,  executive  and  judicial  officers, 
or  the  members  of  the  Legislature  therof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  in- 
habitants of  such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion 
or  other  crimes,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the 
proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the 
whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  that  State. 

SEC.  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress, 
elector  of  President  and  Vice-President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  mili- 
tary, under  the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously 
taken  an  oath  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United 
States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  Legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judi- 
cial officer  of  any  State,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given 
aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof;  but  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  each  House, "remove  such  disability. 

SEC.  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States  authorized 
by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  the  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties 
for  service  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  ques- 
tioned; but  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume  to  pay 
any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against 
the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave, 
but  all  such  debts,  obligations  and  claims  shall  be  illegal  and  void. 

SEC.  5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legis- 
lation, the  provisions  of  this  article. 

[Ratified  in  1870.'; 
ARTICLE  XV. 

SEC.  1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be 
denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on  account  of 
race,  color  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

SEC.  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  Article  by  appro- 
priate legislation; 


HOMES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS. 


551 


PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Presi- 
dential 
Term. 

Name. 

Qualified. 

Born. 

Died. 

I 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

10 

ii 

12 

»3 

14 

»5 

16 

»7 
18 

19 

20 

21 
22 

23 

24 

George  Washington.. 
George  Washington.. 
John  Adams   

April  30,  1789 
March  4,  1793 
March  4,  1797 
March  4,  1801 
March  4,  1805 
March  4,  1809 
March  4,  1813 
March  4,  1817 
March  5,  1821 
March  4,  1825 
March  4,  1829 
March  4,  1833 
March  4,  1837 
March  4,  1841 
April  6,  1841 
March  4,  1845 
March  5,  1849 
July  9,  1850 
March  4,  1853 
March  4,  1857 
March  4,  1861 
March  4,  1865 
April  15,  1865 
March  4,  1869 
March  4,  1873 
March  5,  1877 
March  4,  1881 
Sept'r  20,  1  88  1 

Feb.  22,  1732 
Oct.  19  1735, 
April  2,  1743 

March  5,  1751 

April  28,1758 
July  II,  1767 
Mar.  15,  1767 

Dec.  5,  1782 
Feb.  9,  1773 
Mar.  29,  1  790 
Nov.  2,  1795 
Nov.  24,  1  784 
Jan.  7,  1800 
Nov.  23,  1804 
April  22,  1791 

Feb.  12,  1809 
Dec.  29,  1808 
April  27,  1822 

Oct.  4,  1822 
Nov.  19,  1831 
(.Jet.  5,  1830 

Dec.  14,  1779 
July  4,  1826 
July  4,  1826 

June  28,  1836 

July  4,  1831 
Feb.  23,  1848 
June  8,  i  45 

July  24,  1862 
April  4,  1841 
Jan.  17,  1862 
June  15,  1849 
July  9,  1850 

Oct.  8  1869 
June  I,  1868 

April  15,  1865 
July  30,1875 

Sept.  19,  1  88  1 

Thomas  Jefferson.... 
Thomas  Jefferson  
James   Madison  

James  Madison  

James  Monroe  

James  Monroe  

fohn  Quincy  Adams. 
Andrew  Jackson  

Andrew  Jackson  
Martin  Van  Buren... 
\Vm.  II.  Harrison.* 
John  Tyler  

fames  K.  Polk  

Z  ichary  Taylor*  

Millard    Fillmore  
Franklin  Pierce  
James  Buchanan  
Abraham  Lincoln.... 
Abraham  Lincoln  *.. 
Andrew  Johnson  
Ulysses  S.  Grant  .  ... 
Ulysses  S.  Grant  
Rutherford  B.  Hayes 
James  A.  Garfteld*  .  .  . 
Chester  A.  Arthur  ... 

Total  number  of  incumbents,  21. 


*  Died  in  office. 


HOMES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS. 


Native  State. 

Whence  Elected. 

Virginia  

Massachusetts. 

Massachusetts  . 

u 

11 

Adams,  T.  Ouincv  ... 

Massachusetts  — 

Massachusetts. 

Jackson .-. .North  Carolina (Tennessee. 

Van  Buren iNew  York !New  York. 

Harrison  i  Virginia jOhio. 

Tyler •'       (Virginia. 

Polk North  Carolina j  Tennessee. 

Taylor iVirgim  i     Louisiana. 

Fillmore Now  York New  York. 

Pierce :New  Hampshire...  New  Hampshire. 

Buchanan i  Pennsylvania Pennsylvania. 

Lincoln Kentucky Illinois. 

Johnson [North  Carolina jTennessee. 

Grant [Ohio Illinois. 

Hayes >     "  ...'Ohio. 

Garfield I     •'     |     " 

Arthur ...  New  York New  York. 


552 


VICE  PRESIDENTS. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Vice- 
Pres. 
Term. 

Name. 

Qualified. 

Born. 

Died. 

I 

John  Adams  

June     T.,  1780  1 

2 

John  Adams  

Dec.     2,  17Q1  f 

'735 

1826 

Thomas  Jefferson  

March  4,  1797 

I74-> 

1826 

March  4,  1801 

17^6 

18^6 

5 

George  Clinton  

March  4,  1805  1 

6 

George  Clinton*  

March  4,  1809  j 

1739 

1812 

7 

William  II.  Crawfordf  
Elbridge  Gerry*  

April  10,  1812 
March  4,  1813 

1772 

1744 

1834 

1814. 

John   Gaillard*  

Nov.  2C,  1814 

lK'5/'. 

8 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins  

March  4,  1817  "1 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins  

March  5,  1821  / 

1744 

1825 

10 

John  C.  Calhoun  

March  4,  1825  "I 

ii 

John  C  CalhounJ   

March  4,  1829  / 

1782 

1850 

Hugh  L.  Whitef  

Dec.  28,  1832 

177"? 

1840 

12 

Martin  Van  Bu  ren  

March  4,  1833 

1782 

1862 

J^ 

Richard  M.  Johnson  

March  4,  1837 

1780 

i8?o 

John  Tyler?           .        

March  4,  1841 

I7QO 

1862 

Samuel  L.  Southard"}"  . 

April    6,  1841 

1787 

1842 

Willie  P.  Mangum-);  

May    31,  1842 

1792 

1861 

1C 

George  M.  Dallas  

March  4,  1845 

1792 

1864 

16 

Millard  Fillmore?  

March  ^.  1849 

1  800 

1869 

William  R.  Kingf  

July     I  r,  iSso  ") 

17 

William  R.  King-    

March  4,  1853  / 

1786 

1853 

David  R.  Atchisonf  

April  18,  1853 

1807 

Jesse  D.  Bright  f  

Dec.     5,  1854 

1812 

18 

John  C.  Breckenridge  

March  4,  1857 

1821 

187? 

19 

Hannibal  Hamlin  

March  4,  1861 

1809 

20 

March  4,  1865 

1808 

1875 

I^afayette  S.  Fosterf  

April  15,  1865 

1806 

Benjamin  F.  Wadef  

March  2,  1867 

1800 

21 

Schuyler  Colfax  

March  4,  1869 

1823 

22 

Henry  Wilson*                  

March  4,  1873 

1812 

1875 

Thomas  W.  Ferry  f 

Nov.  22,  1875 

1827 

2"? 

William  A.  Wheeler  

March  5,  1877 

1819 

24 

Chester  A.  Arthur  £  

March  4,  1881 

1830 

David  Davis  f.         

Oct.    13,  1881 

1815 

George  F.  Edmundsf  

March  3,  1883 

1828 

*  Died  in  ofTiGe.     t  Acting  Vice-President   and   President  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate. 
\  Resigned  the  Vice-Presidency.     %  Became  President. 


CABINETS  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON:     April  30,  1789 — March  4,  1797  (two  terms). 

Secretary  of  Slate:  Thomas  Jefferson,  appointed  Sept.  26,  1789 

''  "  Edmund  Randolph,  "  Jdn.  2,  1794 

"  "  Timothy  Pickering,  "  Dec.  10,  1795 


CABINETS  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS. 


553 


Secretary  of  Treasury:  Alexander  Hamilton, 

appointed  Sept.  II,  1789 

"                      " 

Oliver  Wolcott, 

"             Feb.  2,  1795 

War: 

Henry  Knox, 

"          Sept.  12,  1789 

"                  " 

Timothy  Pickering, 

Jan.  2,  1795 

if                  tt 

James  McHenry, 

Jan.  27,  1796 

Postmaster  General: 

Samuel  Osgood, 

"          Sept.  26,  17^9 

it                  « 

Timothy  Pickering, 

"          Aug.  12,  1791 

"                  " 

Joseph  Habersham, 

"           Feb.  25,  1795 

Attorney-  General: 

Edmund  Randolph, 

"          Sept.  26,  1789 

«                  (i 

William  Bradford, 

Jan.  27,  1794 

"                  " 

Charles  Lee, 

"          Dec.  10,  1795 

JOHN  ADAMS  :  March 

4>  *797  —  March  4,  1801 

(one  term). 

Secretary  of  State  : 

Timothy  Pickering, 

appointed    March  4,  1797 

"                  " 

John  Marshal], 

"           May  13,  1800 

'              Treasury 

.•  Oliver  Wolcott, 

"           March  4,  1797 

'                      " 

Samuel  Dexter, 

"              Jan.  I,  1  80  1 

War: 

James  McHenry, 

"          March  4,  1797 

" 

Samuel  Dexter, 

"            May  13,  1800 

'                  " 

Rodger  Griswold, 

"              Feb.  3,  1801 

'             Navv: 

Benjamin  Stoddart, 

"           May  21,  1798 

Postmaster-  General: 

Joseph  Habersham, 

"          March  4,  1797 

Attorney-  General: 

Charles  Lee, 

"          March  4,  1797 

a             tt 

Theophilus  Parsons, 

"           Feb.  20,  I  So  I 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON: 

March  4,  1801  —  March  4,  1809  (two  terms). 

Secretary  of  Stale  : 

James  Madison, 

appointed  March  5,  1801 

"              Treasury 

•  Albert  Gallalin, 

May  14,  1801 

War: 

Henry  Dearborn, 

March  5,  1801 

'•'             Navy: 

Benjamin  Stoddert, 

March  4,  1801 

''                 " 

Robert  Smith, 

July  15,  iSoi 

'>                 « 

J.  Crowninshield, 

March  3,  1805 

Postmaster-  General  : 

Joseph  Habersham, 

March  4,  1801 

"                  " 

Gideon  Granger, 

Nov.  28,  1  80  1 

Attorney-  General: 

Levi  Lincoln, 

March  5,  1801 

><                « 

Robert  Smith, 

March  3,  1805 

«                « 

John  Breckinridge, 

Aug.  7,  1805 

"                " 

Csesar  A.  Rodney, 

Jan.  28,  1807 

JAMES  MADTSON:  March  4,  1809  —  March  4,  1817  (t 

vo  terms). 

Secretary  of  State  : 

Robert  Smith, 

appo 

nted  March  6,  1809 

"                  " 

James  Monroe, 

April  2,  1811 

Treasury 

.-  Albert  Gallatin, 

'          March  4,  1809 

"                      " 

George  W.  Campbell, 

Feb.  9,  1814 

«                      it 

Alexander  J.  Dallas, 

Oct.  6,  1814 

«                      « 

William  II  .  Crawford, 

Oct.  22,  1816 

War: 

William  F.ustis, 

March  7,  1809 

u                  i< 

John  Armstrong, 

Jan.  13,  1813 

"                  " 

James  Monroe, 

Sept.  27,  1814 

"                  " 

William  H.  Crawford, 

Aug.  I,  1815 

Navy: 

Paul  Hamilton, 

March  7,  1809 

it                  a 

William  Jones, 

Jan.  12,  1813 

n                  it 

B.  W.  Crowninshield, 

Dec.  19,  1814 

554 


CABINETS  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS. 


Postmaster-  General : 
Attorney-  General : 


Gideon  Granger, 
Return  J.  Meigs,  Jr., 
Qesar  A,  Rodney, 
William  Pinkney, 
Richard  Rush, 


appointed 


March  4,  1809 

March  17,  1814 

March  4,  1809 

Dec.  11,  1811 

Feb.  10,  1814 


JAMES  MONROE:  March  4,  1817 — March  4,  1825  (two terms). 


Secretary  of  State:  John  Quincy  Adams, 

"  Treasury  William  H.  Crawford, 

War :  George  Graham, 

"  John  C.  Calhoun, 

Navy:  B.  W.  Crowninshield, 

"  Smith  Thompson, 

"  Samuel  L.  Southard, 

Postmaster- General ':  Return  J.  Meigs,  Jr., 
John  McLean, 


Attorney-  General : 


Richard  Rush, 
William  Wirt, 


2^)  ^iwo  icrmsj. 
appointed  March  5,  1817 
"          March  5,  1817 
ad  interim. 
Oct.  8,  1817 
March  4,  1817 
Nov.  9,  1818 
Sept.  16,  1823 
March  4,  1817 
June  26,  1823 
March  4,  1817 
Nov.  13,  1817 


JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS  :  March  4,  1825 — March  4,  1829  (one  term). 


Secretary  of  State  : 
"  Treasury 

War: 

"  Navy  : 

Postmaster-  General : 
Attorney-  General  : 


Henry  Clay, 
Richard  Rush, 
James  Barbour, 
Peter  B.  Porter, 
Samuel  L.  Southard, 
John  McLean, 
William  Wirt, 


ANDREW  JACKSON: 
Secretary  of  State  : 


Postmaster-  General ': 
Attorney-  General : 


March  4,  1829 — March  4, 
Martin  Van  Buren, 
Edward  Livingston, 
"  Louis  McLane, 

"  John  Forsyth, 

Treasury:  Samuel  D.  Ingham, 
"    ''      Louis  McLane, 
"    "      William  J.  Duane, 
"  Roger  B.  Taney, 

Levi  Woodbury, 
John  II.  Eaton, 
Lewis  Cass, 
John  Branch, 
Levi  Woodbury, 
Mahlon  Dickerson, 
William  T.  Barry, 
Amos  Kendall, 
John  M.  Berrien, 
Roger  IS.  Taney, 
Benjamin  F.  Butler, 


War. 


appointed  March  7,  1825 

"  March  7,  1825 

"  March  7,  1825 

"  May  26,  1828 

"  March  4,  1825 

"  March  4,  1825 

"  March  4,  1825 

1837  (two  terms). 

appointed  March  6,  1829 

"  May  24,  1831 

"  May  29,  1833 

June  27,  1834 

"          March  6,  1829 

"  Aug.  2,  1831 

"  May  29,  1X33 

Sept.  23,  1833 

June  27,  1834 

"          March  9,  1829 

"  Aug.  i,  1831 

"  March  9,  1829 

"  May  23,  1831 

"  June  30,  1834 

"  March  9,  1829 

May  i,  1835 

March  9,  1829 

"  |uly  20,  1831 

"  Nov.  15,  1833 


MARTIN  VAN  BUREN:  March  4,  1837 — March  4,  1841  (one  term). 

Secretary  of  Slate :  John  Forsyth,  appointed  March  4,  1837 

"  Treasury:  Levi  Woodbury,  "  March  4,  1837 

"  War :  }oel  R.  Poinsett,  "  March  7,  1837 


NATIONAL  ELECTIONS. 
THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION. 

The  Presidential  election  will  take  place  on  Tuesday, 
November  4th,  1884.  The  Constitution  prescribes  that  each 
State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  Legislature  thereof 
may  direct,  a  number  of  electors  equal  to  the  whole  number 
of  Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be 
entitled  in  Congress.  For  the  election  this  year  the  electors 
by  States  will  be  as  follows : 

States.  Electoral          States.  Electoral 

Vote.  Vote. 

Alabama iO]Missouri 16 

Arkansas yiNebraska 5 

California 8!Nevada 3 

Colorado 3  New  Hampshire 4 

Connecticut 6sNevf  Jersey 9 

Delaware 3  New  York 36 

Florida 4  North  Carolina n 

Georgia i2;Ohio 23 

Illinois 22  Oregon  3 

Indiana 15  Pennsylvania 30 

Iowa  13  Rhode  Island 4 

Kansas 9  South  Carolina 9 

Kentucky 13  Tennessee 12 

Louisiana 8  Texas 13 

Maine  6  Vermont 4 

Maryland 8  Virginia 12 

Massachusetts 14  West  Virginia 6 

Michigan 13  Wisconsin n 

Minnesota 7 

Mississippi 9         Total 401 

Necessary  to  a  choice,  201. 

No  Senator  or  Representative,  or  person  holding  an  office  of 
profit  or  trust  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  an  elector. 
In  all  the  States,  the  laws  thereof  direct  that  the  people  shall 
choose  the  electors.  The  Constitution  declares  that  the  day 
when  electors  are  chosen  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the 
United  States.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective 
States  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  December,  and  vote  by  ballot 
for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom  at  least  shall 
not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  as  themselves. 


CHIEF  OFFICERS  OF  THE  U.  S.  NA  VY. 


CHIEF  OFFICERS  OF  THE  U.  S.  ARMY. 

Entered  the  Army. 

General  of  the  Army Lieut. -Gen.  Philip  II.  Sheridan 1853 

Major-Generals Winfield  S.  Hancock 1844 

John  M.  Schofield 1853 

John  Pope 1842 

Brigadier-Generals Oliver  O.  Howard 1854 

Alfred  H.  Terry 1865 

Christopher  C.  Augur 1843 

George  Crook 1852 

Nelson  A.  Miles 1866 

Ranold  S.  Mackenzie...  1862 


CHIEF  OFFICERS  OF  THE  U.  S.  NAVY. 


NAME. 

Whence 
Ap- 
pointed. 

Original 
Entry 
into 
Service. 

Rank. 

David  D.  Porter  

Penn..  .. 

1820 

Admiral. 

Stephen  C.  Rowan  
John  L.  Worden  

Ohio  
N.  Y  

1826 
18^4 

1 

Vice-Admiral. 

Edward  T.  Nichols  

Ga 

1836 

N.  Y.. 

l8^7 

Aaron  K.  Hughes  

Charles  H.  Baldwin  

N.  Y  
N.  Y 

1838 

1870 

-  Rear-  Admirals. 

' 

Robert  W.  Shufeldt  

N.  Y 

1870 

Thomas  Pattison  

N.   Y 

j8^Q 

Edward  Simpson..        

N.  Y  .. 

1840 

William  G.  Temple  

Vt  

1840 

Thomas  S.  Phelps  

Maine  

1840 

Clark  H.  Wells  

Penn  

1840 

S.  P.  Quackenbush  

N.   Y.  ... 

1840 

Earl  English  
John  H.  Upshur  
Francis  A.  Roe  

N.  J  
D.   C  
N.  Y  

1840 

1841 
1841 

Samuel  R.  Franklin  

Penn  

1841 

Penn  

1841 

J.C.  P.  de  Krafft  

Ill     

1841 

•  Commodores. 

Oscar  C.    Badger     .               

Penn  

1841 

Stephen  B.   Luce  ..        

N.  Y  

1841 

John  Lee  Davis      ...         

Ind 

1841 

Alexander  A.  Semmes  

Md  

1841 

William  T.  Truxtun  

Penn  

1841 

Ill  

1841 

William  K.  Mayo  

Va  

1841 

James  E.  Jowett  
T.  Scott  Fillebrown  

Ky  
Maine.... 

1841 
1841 

Johnuss  H.    Rell  

Md  

1841 

, 

SPEAKERS  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES.* 


Name. 

State. 

Con- 
gress 

Term,  ot  Service. 

F.  A.  Muhlenberg  
Jonathan  Trumbull  
F.  A.  Muhlenberg  

Pennsylvania  ... 
•Connecticut  
Pennsylvania.... 

ISt 
2d 

3du 
4th 

Sth 
6th 
7th 
8th 
9th 
loth 
nth 
i2th 
I3th 
1  3th 
1  4th 
I5th 
1  6th 
i6th 
i  yth 
i8th 
igth 

20th 
21St 
22d 

230! 
23d 
24th 
2$th 
26th 
27th 
28th 
2gth 
3oth 
3ist 
32d 
33d 
34th 
35th 
36th 
37th 
38th 
39th 
4Oth 
•list 

.(2(1 

43d 
44th 
44th 
45th 
46th 
47th 
48th 

April  i,  1789,  to  March  4,  1791 
October  24,  1791,  to  March  4,  1793 
December  2,  1703,  to  March  4,  1795 
December  7,  1795,  to  March  4,  1797 
May  15,  1797,  to  March  3,  1799 
December  2,  1799,  to  March  4,  1801 
December  7,  1801,  to  March  4,  1803 
October  17,  1803,  to  March  4,  1805 
December  2,  1805,  to  March  4,  1807 
October  26,  1807,  to  March  4,  1809 
May  22,  1809,  to  March  4,  1811 
November  4,  1811,  to  March  4,  1813 
May  24,  1813,  to  Jan'y  19,  1814 
January  19,  1814,  to  March  4,  1815 
December  4,  1815,  to  March  4,  1817 
December  i,  1817,  to  March  4,  1819 
December  6,  1819,  to  May  15,  1820 
November  15,  1820,  to  March  4,  1821 
December  4,  1821,  to  March  4,  1823 
December  i,  1823,  to  March  4,  1825 
December  5,  1825,  to  March  4,  1827 
December  3.  1827,  to  March  4,  1829 
December  7,  1829,  to  March  4,  1831 
December  5,  1831,  to  March  4,  1833 
December  2,  1833,  to  June  2,  1834 
June  2,  1834,  to  March  4,  1835 
December  7,  1835,  to  March  4,  1837 
Septembers,  1837,  to  March  4,  1839 
Decemberi6,  1839,  to  March  4,  1841 
May  31,  1841,  to  March  4,  1843 
December  4,  1843,  to  March  4,  1845 
December  i,  1845,  to  March  4,  1847 
December  6,  1847,  to  March  4,  1849 
December22,  1849,10  March4,  1851 
December  i,  1851,  to  March  4,  1853 
December  5,  1853,  to  March  4,  1855 
February  2,  1856,  to  March  4,  1857 
December  7,  1857,  to  March  4,  1859 
February  i,  1860.  to  March  4,  1861 
July  4,  1861,  to  March  4,  1863 
December  7,  1863,  to  March  4,  1865 
December  4,  1865,  to  March  4,  1867 
March  4,  1867,  to  March  4,  1869 
March  4,  1869,  to  March  4,  1871 
March  4,  1871,  to  March  4,  1873 
December  i,  1873,  to  March  4,  1875 
December  6,  1875,  to  Aug.  20,  1876 
December  4,  1876,  to  March  4,  1877 
October  15,  1877,  to  March  4,  1879 
March  18,  1879,  to  March  4,  1881 
Decembers,  1881,  to  March  4,  1883 
December  3,  1883,  to 

Theodore  Sedgwick 
Nathaniel  Macon  

Joseph  B.  Varnum  
Henry  Clay  \... 

Massachusetts.... 
North  Carolina.. 

Massachusetts.... 
Kentucky  

South  Carolina.  . 
Kentucky  

New  York  

Henry  Clay  
John  W.Taylor  

Henry  Clay  
John  W.Taylor  

Andrew   Stevenson  

John  Bell  

Kentucky  
New  York  
Virginia  

James  K.  Polk  

Robert  M.  T   Hunter. 

John  White  
John  W.  Jones  

Kentucky  

John  W.  Davis  
Robert  C.  Winthrop  
Howell  Cobb  
Linn  Boyd  

Indiana  
Massachusetts  ... 
Georgia  
Kentucky  

Massachusetts... 

Nathaniel  P.  Bank's  

James  L.  Orr  'South  Carolina... 
Wm.  Pennington  New  Tersev  

Galusha  A.  Grow  
Schuyler  Cplfax  

James  G.  Blaine  

Michael  C.  Kerr  
Samuel  J.  Randall  

J.  Warren  Keifer  
John  G.  Carlisle  

Pennsylvania.... 
Indiana  

Maine  

Indiana  
Pennsylvania  

Ohio  
Kentucky  

*  Not  including  Speakers  pro  tern. 


CONGRESSIONAL   REPRESENTATION  OF  THE  STATES. 
I.  RATIO  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  AND  POPULATION. 

By  Constitution,  1789 One  to  30,000. 

"     33,000. 


First  Census,  from  March  4th,  1793. 

Second    "  "  "     1803.. 

"  Third      "  "  "1813. 


33,000. 
35,000. 


566 


CONGRESSIONAL  REPRESENTA  TION. 


By  Fourth  Census,  from  March  4th,  1823 One  1040,000. 


Fifth 

Sixth 

Seventh 

Eighth 

Ninth 

Tenth 


1833. 
1843- 
1853- 
1863 

1873- 
1883. 


47,7oo. 
70,680. 

93,423. 
127,381. 
131,425. 


II.  REPRESENTATIVES  FROM  EACH  STATE  UNDER  EACH  CENSUS. 


STATES. 

Consti- 
tution, 
1789. 

ist 
census 

^1 

8 

Uf 

j.  3 

*i 

X   3 
\n  C 

3 

6th 
census 

•£  3 

£.  c 

V 

o 

•sl 

«g 

X   3    J=   3 

Ov=      0   c 

V      M    O 

Connecticut  

5' 
I 

3 
6 
8 
3 
4 
6 

8 
i 

5 

10 

7 
i 

2 

8 
14 
4 

5 

10 
10 

13 

2 

6 

19 

2 
2 

7 
i 

4 
9 
17 
5 
6 

»7 

12 

18 

2 

8 

22 
6 

4 
3 

7 

2 

6 
9 

20 

6 
6 

27 
13 
23 

2 

9 
23 

10 

6 
6 
6 

6 
i 

7 
9 
13 
6 
6 
34 
'3 
26 

2 

9 

22 
12 

5 
9 
14 
3 
i 

3 
3 
7 
i 
i 

6 
i 

9 
8 

12 

5 
6 

40 

13 

28 

2 

9 

21 
13 

5 
13 
19 
5 
3 
7 
3 
8 

2 

2 

Delaware     

I 

8 
6 

10 

4 
5 
34 
9 
24 

2 

7 
15 

10 

4 
ii 

21 

7 
7 
10 

4 
7 
4 
5 
i 

3 

I 

8 
6 
II 
3 

5 
33 
8 

25 

2 

6 
13 

10 

3 
10 

21 

7 
9 
ii 

4 
6 

5 
7 

2 

4 

2 

I 
2 
2 
I 
2 

3 

i 
7 
5 

10 

3 
5 
3i 
7 
24 

2 

4 
ii 

9 

3 
8 

19 
6 

14 
ii 

5 
5 
5 
9 
3 
6 

3 
i 
6 

2 
I 

4 
6 
i 
i 
i 

I 

9 
6 
ii 

3 
7 
33 
8 

27 

2 

5 
9 

10 

3 

10 

20 
8 
»9 
13 
6 

5 
6 

13 

4 
9 

4 

2 

9 
3 
i 

6 

8 

3 

i 
i 

i 
3 
293 

i 

10 

6 

12 

2 

7 
34 
9 
28 

2 

7 

10 

ii 

2 
10 
21 

8 
20 

13 

6 
4 
7 
H 
5 
ii 
6 

2 
II 

5 

i 
ii 
9 
7 
3 
i 
i 
4 
325 

Maryland  

Massachusetts  

New  Hampshire  

New  Jersey  

New  York  

North  Carolina  

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island  

South  Carolina.... 

Virginia  

Kentucky  

Vermont.        

Ohio  

Alabama  

Illinois  

Indiana  

Louisiana  

Maine  

Mississippi  

Missouri  

Arkansas  

Michigan  

Florida  

Minnesota  

Wisconsin  

Kansas  

Nebraska  

Colorado  

West  Virginia  

Whole  number  

65 

105 

141 

TsT 

213  240 

223 

237 

243 

WHERE  OL'R  CHIEF  OFFICERS  CAME  FROM, 

WHERE  OUR   CHIEF  OFFICERS  CAME  FROM. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  Government  in  1789  to  1884. 


STATES. 

Presidents. 

Vice- 
Presidents. 

Secretaries  of 
State. 

Secretaries  of 
Treasury. 

Secretaries  of 
War. 

Secretaries  of 
Navy. 

Secretaries  of 
Interior. 

Postmasters- 
General. 

"rt 
c 
<B 
>. 

c 
o 

< 

Supreme  Court 
Justices. 

Presidents  pro  tan, 
of  Senate. 

3 
0 

« 
O 

V 

^ 
3 

1 

c/l 

"1 

_0 

Alabama  

I 

2 

? 

5 

Arkansas     

I 

i 

Colorado  

Connecticut  

T 

T 

2 

I 

A 

I 

I 

7 

I 

1C 

Delaware  

7 

T 

T 

4 

Florida  

T 

? 

7 

I 

2 

2 

7 

T 

14 

Illinois  

2 

I 

7 

I 

I 

I 

8 

Indiana  

I 

T 

T 

2 

2 

I 

7, 

ii 

Iowa  

?, 

2 

I 

5  • 

Kansas  

Kentucky  

2 

T 

7 

I 

4 

7 

7. 

2 

4 

73 

Louisiana.  „,  

T 

T 

T 

T 

4 

Maine. 

I 

I 

2 

I 

I 

I 

8 

I 

2 

T 

7. 

2 

C 

r 

2 

21 

Massachusetts.. 

2 

1 

7 

4 

C 

I 

1 

2 

4 

7,6 

Michigan    

I 

I 

2 

2 

6 

Minnesota  

f 

i 

Mississippi  

T 

I 

I 

I 

4 

Missouri  

I 

I 

I 

3 

Nebraska  

Nevada  

New  Hampshire  

1 

I 

7 

i 

3 

8 

New  Jersey....  

I 

7 

? 

T 

7 

0 

New  York  

3 

7 

^ 

/\ 

5 

7 

4 

7. 

6 

T 

T 

-11 

North  Carolina  

/\ 

? 

3 

T 

10 

Ohio...  

7 

A 

7 

7. 

7 

7 

c 

i 

1 

?6 

Oregon  

I 

i 

Pennsylvania  . 

i 

i 

•2 

7 

6 

2 

2 

6 

4 

7 

7 

38 

Rhode  Island  

? 

7! 

South  Carolina  

i 

?. 

?, 

I 

T 

?, 

3 

2 

'4 

Tennessee  

4 

i 

I 

? 

7 

I 

I 

? 

? 

16 

Texas  

T 

I 

Vermont  

I 

7 

4 

Virginia  

5 

?, 

6 

3 

/\ 

I 

4. 

5 

6 

4 

1° 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin... 

2 

i 

7 

Total  

?T 

20 

?r> 

7r1 

77 

7O 

7,0 

1« 

40 

5° 

3° 

38 

568 


OUR  REPRESENTATIVES  ABROAD. 


OUR  REPRESENTATIVES  ABROAD. 


COUNTRY. 

Name  and  Rank. 

Residence. 

Salary. 

Argentine   Republic 
Austria-Hungary  ... 

Thomas  O.  Osborn,  Min.  Res  
Alphonso  Taft,*  E.  E.  and  M.  P  

Juenos  Ayres  

$7,5°° 
12,000 

3'  5°o 
7.5°o 
5,ooo 

12,000 
I,  800 

IO,OOO 
10,000 

12,000 
5,000 

7.50° 

5.000 
5,000 
17.500 
3,625 

2,000 

17.500 
2,625 
2,000 

17,500 
2,625 
2,000 
6.500 
7,500 

5,000 

12,000 

3.500 
I2,OOO 
2,500 
2,500 
5,OOO 
I2.OOO 
1,  800 
7.500 

5,000 

5,000 
10,000 
5,000 
6,500 
17,500 
2,625 
6,500 
5,000 

12,000 
3,OOO 
7,500 
5,000 
7,500 
3,500 
3,OOO 
7.500 

ienry  White,  Sec.  Leg.,  and  C.  G  

/ienna  

Bolivia.  
Brazil  

Richard  Gibbs,  M.  R.  and  C.  G  
Thomas  A.  Osborne,  E.  E.  and  M.  P. 

^a  Paz  

Central  American 
States  
Chili  

Henry  C.  Hall.  E.  E.  and  M.  P  
C.  A.  Locan,  E.  E.  and  M.  P  

juatemala  

|.  Russell  Young,  E.  E.  and  M.  P  

Peking  

Jhester  Holcombe,  Sec.  and  Int  
Win.  L.  Scruggs,  Minister  Res  

Peking  
Bogota  

Corea  
Denmark  

Uicius  H.  F  ote,  E.  E.  and  M.  P  
Wick'm  Hoffman,  M.  R.  and  C.  G...'. 
Levi  P.  Morton,  E.  E.  and  M.  P  

Seoul  
Copenhagen  
Paris..            

E.  J.  Brulatour,  Sec.  Legation  

Paris. 

rlenri  Vign.md,  ad  Sec.  Legation  

Paris  

Aaron  A.  Sargent,  E.  E.  and  M.  P.... 

Berlin  

H.  Sidney  Everett,  Sec.  Legation  

Berlin  

Berlin  

[ames  R.  Lowell,  E.  E.  and  M.  P  

Greece  
Hawaiian  Islands.... 
Hayti  

kVm.  J.  Hoppin,  Sec.  Legation  
E.  S.  Nadal,  ad  Sec.  Legation  
Eugene  Schuyler,  M.  R.  and  C.  G  .... 
Rollin  M.  Dagcett,  Min.  Res  
John  M    Langston,  M.  R.  and  C.  G.. 
Wm.  W.  Astor,  E.   E.  and  M.  P.  

London  
London  
Athens  
Honolulu  
Port  au  Prince  

Lewis  Richmond,  Sec.  of  Leg.  and  C. 
G  

|ohn  A.  Bingham,  E.  E.  and  M.  P.... 
justavits  Goward,  Sec.  Legation  
Willis  N.  Whitney,  Interpreter  
J.  H.  Smyth,  M.  R.  and  C.  G  
Philip  H.  Morgan,  E.  E.  and  M.  P... 

Tokei  (Yedo)  
Tokei  (Yedo)  
Tokei  (Yedo)  
Monrovia  

Liberia  

Netherlands  
Paraguay   and  Uru 
guay  
Persia     

Henry  H.  Morgan,  Sec.  Legation  
Wm.  L.  IJaylon,  Minister  Res  

Wm   Williams,  Charge  d'Affaires  
S.  G.  W.    Benjamin,  Min.  Res.  and 

Mexico  
The  Hague  

Montevideo  
Teheran                

Peru  

SethS.  Phelps,  E.  E.  and  M.P  
John  M.  Francis,  M.  R.and  C.  G  

Lima  

Roumania  

Eugene  Schuyler,  M.R.andC.  G  

George  W.  Wertz,  Sec.  Legation  
Eugene  Schuyler,  M.  R.  and  C.  G..... 
J.  A.  Halderman,  M   R.and  C.  G  
John  W.  Foster,  E.  E.  and  M.  P  
Dwight  T.  Reed,  Sec.  and  C.  G  
Wm.  W.  Thomas,  Jr.,  Min.  Res  
Michael  J.  Cramer,  M.  R.  and  C.  G... 
Lewis  Wallace,  E.  E.  and  M.  P  
G.  Harris  Heap.  Sec.  Leg.  and  C.  G. 
A.  A.  Gargiulo,  Interpreter  
Jehu  Baker,  Minister  Res  

Athens  
St.  Petersburg  
St.  Petersburg  
Athens  
'Bangkok  
Madrid  
Madrid  
Stockholm  
Berne,  
Constantinople  
Constantinople  
j  Constantinople  
[Caracas  

Servia  
Siam  

<  Sweden  and  Norway 
Switzerland  
Turkey  

Venezuela  

OUR  REPRESENTATIVES  FROM  ABROAD. 


569 


OUR  REPRESENTATIVES  FROM  ABROAD 


COUNTRY. 


Argentine  Republic. 


NAMB. 


Senor  Don  Louis  L.  Dominguez.* 

Senor  Don  Florencio  L.   Dominguez.f 
Austria-Hungary Baron  Ignatz    von  SchaefFer  (absent).*, 

Count   von   Lippe  Weissenfield.^; 
Belgium Mr.   Bounder  de  Melsbroeck.* 

iCount   Gaston  d'Arschot.J 

Brazil Senhor  J.  G.  do  Amaral  Valente.J 

Chili Senor  Don  Joaquin    Godoy.* 

Senor  Don  Federico    Pinto. f 
China Mr. Cheng  Tsao  Ju.# 

Mr.  Tsii  Shau  Fung.-}- 

Denmark,.., iMr.-Carl  Steen  Anderson  de  Billie.§ 

France Mr.  Theodore  Roustan  (absent).* 

Mr.  Horace  Denaut.J 
Germany , Captain  C.  von  Eisendscker.* 

Count  Lyden.f 
Great  Britain The  Honorable  L.  S.  Sackville  West.* 

Dudley  E.  Saurin,  Esq.f 

Hawaii Mr.  H.  A.  P.  Carter." 

Hayti Mr.  Stephen  Preston.® 

I  Mr.  Charles  A.  Preston.f 
Italy Baron  de  Fava  (absent).* 

Marquis  A.  Dalla  Valle  de  Mirabello.J 
Japan '. Joshii  Terashima  Munenori    (absent1).* 

Mr.  Naito  Ruijiro.-j- 
Mexico Senor  Don  Matias  Romero  (absenO.* 

Senor  Don  Cayetano  Romero.  J 
Netherlands Mr.  G.  de  Weckherlin  (absent). $ 

Baron  P.  de  Smeth  Van  Alphen  J 

Peru  Sefior  Don  J.  Federico   Elmore.$ 

Portugal Viscount  das  Nogueiras.* 

Russia Mr.  Charles  de  Struve.* 

Mr.  Gregoire  de  Willamov.j- 
Spain Senor  Don  Juan  Valera.* 

Senor  Don  Enrique  Dupuy  de  Lome.J 

Count  Carl  Leweuhaupt  (absent).* 

Mr.  C.  de  Bildt.J 
Switzerland Colonel  Emile  Frey.* 

Major  Karl  Kloss.f 
Turkey Tewfik  Pasha.* 

Rustem  Effencli.j- 
Uruguay Senor  Don  Enrique  M.  Estrazulas.  \ 


Sweden  and  Norway. 


*  Envoy     Extraordinary-  and   Minister   Plenipotentiary,     t  Secretary   of    Legation. 
\  Counselor  and  Charge  d' Affaires.     j{  Minister  Resident^ind  Consul  General. 


570 


QUALIFICATIONS  FOR    VOTERS. 
QUALIFICATIONS  FOR  VOTERS. 


STATES. 

£ 
< 

Requirement 
as  to 
Citizenship. 

Residence 
in 

Registration. 

V 

09 

>, 

3 
J 

Alabama  

21 
21 
21 

21 

21 
21 

21 

21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

I  yr. 
I  yr. 
I  yr. 
6mo 
I  yr. 
I  yr. 

I  yr. 

I  yr. 
lyr. 
6  mo 
6  mo 
6  mo 
2  yrs 
I  yr. 
3  mo 
lyr. 
I  Yr. 

3  mo 
6  mo 
gods 

6  mo 
I  mo 

6  mo 

6  mo 
gods 
oods 
6ods 

ryr. 

6  mo 

6  mo 

No  law. 
Prohibited. 
Required. 
Required. 
Required. 
Not  required. 

Required. 

No  law. 
Required. 
No  law. 
Required. 
Req'd  in  cities 
Not  required. 
No  law. 
Required. 
Required. 
Required. 
Required. 
Required. 
Required. 
Req'd  in  cities 
Required. 
Required. 
Required. 
Req'd  in  cities 
Req'd  in  cities 
Required. 
Not  required. 

Required. 
Required. 
Required. 
Not  required. 
Prohibited. 
Required. 
Required. 
Prohibited. 
Required. 

Arkansas  

California  .... 
Colorado  

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

Actual  County  taxpayers  

Connecticut... 
Delaware  

Florida  
Georgia  

(  United  States   citizens  or  ) 
\      declared  intention  j 

Actual  citizens. 

Illinois  

Actual  citizens  

Indiana  

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

Iowa  

Kansas  

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Free  white  male  citizens.. 

Kentucky 

Louisiana  

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

Maine  

Maryland  
Massachusetts. 
Michigan  

Actual  citizens  

Citizens     

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens. 

3  mo 
4mo 
6  mo 

'y- 

6  mo 
6  mo 

I  mo 
6ods 

3ods 
5  mo 
4mo 
gods 

Minnesota  
Mississippi.  ... 
Missouri  

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

Nebraska  

Nevada..  . 

N.  Hampshire 
New  Jersey... 
New  York.... 
N.  Carolina... 
Ohio  

Actual  citizens  

yr. 

yr. 

vr. 

Actual  citizens. 

Actual  citizens  

Actual  citizens  

yr. 

Oregon  

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

mo 

yr. 

Pennsylvania. 
Rhode  Island 
S.  Carolina  
Tennessee  
Texas  

Actual  tax-paying  citizens  
Actual  citizens  

yr. 
.yr. 
F- 

y- 
yr- 

6ods 
6  mo 
6  mo 



Actual  citizens  

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

Vermont  
Virginia  
\V.  Virginia... 
Wisconsin  

Actual  citizens  

yr. 

yr. 

6ods 


Citizens  or  declared  intention. 

NOTE. — In  several  States  women  are  permitted  to  vote  on  the  school  questions,  selec- 
tion of  directors,  etc. 


PUBLIC  DEBT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


571 


PUBLIC  DEBT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


$10,434,221  14 
66jl839  ...................        3,573,343  82 

04184°  ...................       5,250,875  54 


\_To  January  ist  of  each  year  to  1842.     To  July  ist,from  1843-1 883.] 


I791 £75.463,476 

I792 77.227,924 

1793-  80,352,634 

1794 78,427,404 

1795-' 80,747,587 

1796 83,762,172 

1797 82,064,479 

1798 79,228,529 

1799  78,408,669 

1800 82,976,294 

i  So  i 83,038,050 

1802 86,712,632 

1803 77,054,686 

1804 86,427,120 

1805 82,312,150 

1806 75,723,270 

1807 69,218,398 

1808 65,196,317 

1809 57,023,192 

1810 53,i73>217 

1811 48,005,587 

1812 45,209,737 

1813 55,962,827 

1814 81,487,846 

1815. 99,833,660 

1816 127,334,933 

1817 123,491,965 

1818 103,466,633 

1819 95,529,648 

1820 91,015,566 

1821 89,987,427 

1822  93,546,676 

1823 90,875,877 

1824 90,269,777 

1825 83,788,432 

1826 81,054,059 

1827 73,987,357 

1828 67,475,043 

1829 58,421,413 

1830 48,565,406 

1831 39,123,191 

1832 24,322,235 

1833 7,001,698 

1834 4,760,082 

1835 37,513 

1836 336,957 

1837 3,308,124 


1841  ...................  13,594,480  73 

1842  ...................  20,601,226  28 

1843  .........  .........  32,742,922  oo 

1844  ...................  23,461,652  50 

1845  ...................   15,925,303  01 

1846  ...................  15,550,202  97 

1847  ..................  38,826,534  77 

1848  ...................  47,044,862  23 

1849  ...................  63,061,858  69 

1850  ...................  63,452,773  55 

1851  .................   68,304,796  02 

1852  ...................  66,199,341  71 

1853  ...................   59,803,117  70 

1854  ...................  42,242,222  42 

1855...  ................   35,586,858  56 

1856  ...................   31,972,537  90 

1857  ...................   28,699,831  85 

1858  ...................   44,911,881  03 

1859  ...................   58,496,837  88 

1860  ...................   64,842,287  88 

1861  ...................  90,580,873  72 

1862  ..................  524,176,412  13 

1863  ...................  1,119,772,138  63 

1864  ...................  1,815,784,370  57 

1865  ..................  2,680,647,869  74 

1866  ...................  2,773,236,173  69 

1867  ..................  2,678,126,103  87 

1868  .................  2,611,687,851  19 

1869  ...................  2,588,452,213  94 

1870  ...................  2,480,672,427  81 

18/1  ...................  2,353,211,332  32 

1872  ..................  2,253,251,328  78 

1873  ...................  2,234,482,993  20 

1874  ...................  2,251,690,468  43 

1875  ...................  2,232,284,531  95 

1876  ...................  2,180,395,067  15 


1877  ...................  2,205,301,392  10 

1878.....  .............  2,256,205,892  53 

1811879  ...................  2,245,495,072  04 

83  1880  ..................  2,120,415,370  63 

o8ji88i  ...................  2,069,013,569  58 

05,1882  .................  1,918,312,994  03 

83^1883  ...................  1,884,171,728  07 

07| 


PAYMENTS  FOR  PENSIONS. 


PAY  OF  CHIEF  OFFICERS  OF  THE  U.  S.  ARMY. 


Pay  of  Officers  in  Active  Service. 


GRADE  OR  RANK. 

1 

Nearly  Pa> 

First  5 
years 

After  5 

years 

After  10 
years 

After  15 
years 

After  20 
years 

General  

$n.?oo 

10  /.    C. 

20  /.    c. 

30  /.  c 

40  /.  c. 

Lieutenant-General  

11,000 

Major-General  

7,500 

Brigadier-General  ... 

5,500 

Colonel       ,  

"S^oo 

&i  8=;o 

$4,2OO 

Sd.^OO 

ft/i  coo 

Lieutenant-Colonel  

^,000 

•3,  100 

3,600 

3OOO 

4  ooo 

Major  

2,500 

2.75O 

•?,ooo 

7.2SO 

•j,  coo 

Captain,  mounted  

2,000 

2,200 

2,400 

2  6OO 

2  800 

Captain,  not  mounted  

1,  800 

i.  080 

2  1  60 

2,^4O 

2  C2O 

Regimental  Adjutant. 

,800 

i  980 

2  1  60 

2  74.O 

2  C2O 

Regimental  Quartermaster  
1st  Lieutenant,  mounted  

,800 

600 

1,980 
1,760 

2,160 

I  92O 

2,340 
1    2,o8o 

2,520 
2  240 

1st  Lieutenant,  not  mounted... 
2d  Lieutenant,  mounted  

,500 
,500 

1,650 
1,650 

1,  800 
1,  800 

1,950 

i,9;o 

2,100 
2,IOO 

2d  Lieutenant,  not  mounted.. 
Chaplain  

,400 
,500 

1,540 
1,650 

1,  680 
1,  800 

1,820 
1,950 

1,900 
2,100 

PAYMENTS  FOR  PENSIONS  IN   1883. 


Pensions  paid  during  the  Year. 

Number  of 
Pensioners. 

STATES. 

For  Regular 
Pensions. 

For 
Arrears  of 
Pensions. 

Salary  and 
Expenses 
of  Pension 
Agents. 

Total 
Disburse- 
ments. 

1882. 

1883. 

Dollars. 

J,948,453-54 
4,045,320.08 
5,863,544-76 
5,636,155.64 
2,087.440.80 
i  3,616,997.31 
2.755.227.40 
5,100,507.50 
2,842,400.69 
1,600,370.16 
3,282,322.78 
2,809,5^5.73 
3,176,762.17 
3.°54  975-95 
408,379.66 
4,088,557.37 
4,174,62448 
3,572,433-21 

Dollars. 

52'-47 
4,091.60 
5,263.30 

8,43'-  57 
4,216.72 

i,4i3-73 
2,760.28 
4,126.67 
7,483-83 
7-353-60 

3,5i5-42 
3-965-93 
5-364-72 
4,081.47 

Dollars. 

11,938.11 
18,858.6^ 
22,643.97 
23,562.99 
13.264.55 
14,358.56 
14,039.04 
17,483-23 
i5,379.76 
8,353-37 
i4.39I-I3 
19,205.99 

'7.997  49 
13  224.50 
5.859-22 
19,240.51 
16,438.17 
22,915.73 

Dollars,     i 

1,960,913.12 
4,068,270.28 
5,891,449.03 
5  608,150.20 
2,104,922.67 
3.632,769.60 
2,772.026.72 
5,122,117.40 
2,865,264.28 
1,616,077.13 
3,300,229.33 
2,832,707.65 
3,200,124.38 
3,072,281.92 
414,238.88 
4,109,995.89 
4.199,115.66 
3,601,319.31 

11,526 
22,004 

23,557 
26,163 

II/.28 

13,860 
11,099 
18,805 
17,693 
6,606 

i3,033 
16,017 
18,715 
16,750 
1,962 
20,962 

i5,J93 
20,324 

11,827 
23,495 
25,854 
27,686 
11,007 
16,051 
13,080 
20.921 
17,189 
7,001 

14-653 
16,141 
19,300 
16,006 
2,191 
22,338 
17,525 
21,393 

Massachusetts  

Ohio  

New  Hampshire... 

Tennessee  

Pennsylvania  
Pennsylvania  
California  

New  York  

2,198.01 
8,053.01 
6,97°-37 

Dist.  of  Columbia.. 

6o,o64.ooq.2i     70  808.70    288,154.92    60,431,972.85    285,697    1303,658 


REVENUES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


575 


YEAR  ENDED 
JUNE  30. 

Amount 
collected. 

Expense 
of  collecting. 

Per  cent. 

of  cost. 

1858  

$^  I  789  620  96 

*i2  OO7   Tift  Rrt 

1859..., 

AQ  c6c  KZA  78 

6.94 

f.    0- 

1860  

SI  I&7  til  I  S? 

3»4°7»93l*77 

1861  

70  ^82  I2C  64 

.27 

•7    iK 

1862  

4Q  O?6  7Q7  6"> 

7.  is 

A  AT 

1863  

60,01:0,64.2  4.O 

3  181  026  17 

w 

1864  

102  316  152  90 

p 

1865  

84  928,260  60 

4.09 

w 

1866  

I  70  046  651  58 

U-J9 

"  n^ 

> 

1867  

1  76,417,810  88 

'•9lS 

w 

£4 

1868  

164,464  599.56 

7,641,1  1  6  68 

A  6c 

1860.... 

180,048  426  63 

5  388  082  3  1 

Jg 

1870  

1  04,  1578  774.44. 

6  277.747  68 

7  2O 

0 

1871  

206  270,408  05 

6,568  350  61 

7  18 

h 

1872  

216.770  286.77 

6  CKO  177  88 

7  21 

p 

1877 

188,089  522  7° 

7  O77  86/1  7O 

7  76 

u 

1874  

167,107,877.60 

7  721  4.6Q  O4 

4.  An 

w 

1875  

i  c?  167  722.71; 

7,o78  5^1  80 

A  A1 

— 

1876  

148  071,984.61 

6,704  858  09 

4tT7 

H 

1877  

1  7o,<K6  4.07.07 

6,<;oi  077  i;? 

4.  06 

1878  

130,170,680.20 

^,826  074.  72 

A  A7 

1879  

177,21:0,047  70 

^,477  421   C2 

7  OO 

1880  

186,522,064.60 

b,O27,  2^7  57 

327 

1881  

198  159  076.02 

6,787,288.10 

7.22 

1882  

220,410,730.2^- 

6  t;o6.^i;o  26 

2.Q1! 

1881... 

214.706,406.01 

6.  "un.1;  00.47 

7.07 

f  1863  

]  577,640,787.0*; 

^SloS,6S5.OO 

o.  20 

1864  

109,741,134.10 

2^7,772.00 

O.27 

l86<5... 

200,464,21  ^.  2? 

78?,  27Q.  52 

0.18 

1866  

309,226,813.42 

5,783,128.77 

1.87 

1867  

266,027,537.43 

7,335,029.81 

2.77 

1868  

191,087,589.41 

8,705,366.36 

4.5S 

1869  

I  ^8,356,460.86 

7,257,176.11 

4.  CO 

1870  

184,899,756.49 

7,253,439.81 

7.02 

1871  

143,098,153.63 

7,593.714.17 

5.7O 

1872... 

170,642,177.72 

5,694,116.86 

4.76 

I  1873  . 

I  I7.72Q  714.14 

?,  74O,2  7O.OO 

4.60 

1874  

102,409,784.90 

4,509.976.05 

4.40 

1875  

110,007,493.58 

4,289,442.71 

7.89 

1876 

Il6,7OO,772.O7 

7.Q42  6l7.72 

7.78 

1877  

118,630,407.83 

?,<  56,947.  85 

2.99 

1878  

110,581,624.74 

7,28o,l62  22 

2.96 

1879  

113,561,610.58 

7,t;27,9!;6.|;6 

3.16 

1880  

I24,OOQ,777  Q2 

3,657,105.10 

2.95 

1881  

i  •?<;,  264,  785.  ?  i 

4,327,793.24 

7.  2O 

1882  

146,497,505.45 

4.097,241.34 

-•79 

1  1883  

144,720,368.98 

4.424,707,39 

3-05 

576 


POLITICAL  DIVISION  OF  THE  HOUSE. 


POLITICAL  DIVISION  OF  THE  PRESENT  HOUSE  OF  REPRE- 
SENTATIVES. 


STATES. 

1 

Q. 
tl 

<& 

STATES. 

6 
Q 

V 

« 

Alabama  

8 

Missouri. 

Arkansas  

e 

Nebraska  

•2 

California....  

n 

Nevada  

I 

Colorado  

I 

New  Hampshire        

2 

Connecticut  

•3 

I 

New  Jersey               .  .  . 

Delaware  

I 

New  York  

21 

I  7 

Florida  

I 

| 

North  Carolina. 

8 

I 

Georgia  

IO 

Ohio  

11 

8 

Illinois  

I  | 

Orecon  . 

I 

Indiana  

q 

Pennsylvania. 

12 

1C 

Iowa  J  

4. 

7 

Rhode  Island 

2 

Kansas  

7 

South  Carolina.. 

6 

I 

Kentucky  

q 

2 

Tennessee 

8 

2 

Louisiana.     ...        

c 

I 

Texas. 

IO 

I 

Maine  

4. 

Vermont  

2 

4 

2 

Virginia  

4 

C 

Massachusetts  

7 

q 

West  Virginia  

7 

I 

Michigan.              

6 

e 

Wisconsin    

6 

7 

Minnesota  

e 

Mississippi  ... 

6 

Total... 

iq8 

124 

Total 322 

Greenback I 

Vacancies...  2 


325 


NAME. 


- 

cy  I 


NAME. 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  o 
COPIE 


NAME. 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  OF 

OPIES. 


NAME. 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  o 
COPIE 


NAME. 


RESIDENCE. 


.  OF1 

OPIES. 


NAME. 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  o 

COPIE 


NAME. 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  OF 
COPIES. 


NAME 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  OF 
COPIES 


NAME, 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  OF 
COPIES. 


NAME 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  OF 
COPIES 


NAME, 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  OF 
COPIES. 


NAAIK 


RESIDENCE. 


No. 
COP 


NAME, 


RESIDENCE. 


No.  OF 
COPIES. 


KAMF 


KESIDENCE. 


'Tl 


flLUSTRAH 


